Carbohydrates Flashcards
Carbohydrate Diseases
These are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivates based on the location of the CO functional
group.
Carbohydrates
It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ in the control of carbohydrate metabolism.
Pancreas
it secretes the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from different cells residing in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Endocrine gland
it produces and secretes an amylase responsible for the breakdown of ingested complex
carbohydrates
Exocrine Gland
- primary hormone responsible for entry of glucose into the cell
- beta cells
- released when the glucose levels are high
- stored from sources such as liver, fat, and muscle
insulin
- primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose - hyperglycemic agent
- alpha cells
- released during stress and fasting states
glucagon
- secreted by the cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
- decrease intestinal entry of glucose into the cell
Cortisol and corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)
These are released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
- They inhibit insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Catecholamines
- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
- decrease entry of glucose into the cell
Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) aka GH
promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and intestinal absorption of glucose
Thyroid hormones
stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
produced by the delta cells of the islets of langerhans and inhibits the action of insulin
Somatostatin
increase in blood glucose concentration
- toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion
Hyperglycemia
an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
- decreased glucose levels and can have many causes
hypoglycemia
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors or both
diabetes mellitus
- described as the Type 1a or 1.5 DM
-also referred to as the slow immune-mediated DM or the slowly progressive insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus (SPIDD)
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LADA)
- idiopathic type 1 DM or type 1b.
- strongly inherited and associated with the absence of B-cell autoantibodies.
Fulminant Type Diabetes (FT1D)
- due to impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates usually caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic or hormonal changes
- occurs during pregnancy and disappears after delivery but, in some cases, returns years later.
- type of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy (diabetic women who
become pregnant are not included in this category) - through 2- hour OGTT: One-Step Method (with 75 grams
glucose load, commonly used)
Two-Step Method (50 grams initially; 100g glucose load as follow-up)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
a condition that
happens when the body
has too much cortisol, a
hormone made by the
adrenal glands
Cushing’s disease
excess hair growth
hirsutism
- rare type of tumor that forms in
the adrenal glands, which are located on top of your kidneys - produce too much of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Pheocytochroma
a condition that occurs
when the body produces too
much growth hormone
acromegaly
- a condition where the thyroid
gland makes too much thyroid
hormone
hyperthyroidism
- a condition where the thyroid
gland doesn’t make enough
thyroid hormone
hypothyroidism
An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid, causing it to produce less
hormone
Hashimoto’s disease
- a genetic condition that occurs
when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
down syndrome
- a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other conditions
related to blood sugar regulation - lower testosterone in men
Klinefelter Syndrome
- a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body responds to insulin, the hormone that controls blood sugar levels.
- body cells are severely resistant to insulin
Rabson-Mendenhall
a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body processes insulin, leading to severe insulin resistance
Leprechaunism or Donohue syndrome
- a progressive genetic disorder that affects the brain, leading to a decline in physical and mental abilities
- characterized by uncontrolled movements (chorea), emotional disturbances, and cognitive decline
Huntington’s Chorea
- a genetic condition that affects females.
- It occurs when one of the X
chromosomes is missing or partially missing, leading to a
variety of physical and developmental features
Turner’s Syndrome
- a genetic disorder that
primarily affects the lungs and
digestive system - occurs when a mutation in the CFTR gene leads to the production of thick and sticky mucus in the body
Cystic Fibrosis
- a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family.
It is often harmless for most people, but it can cause serious health problems in certain groups, such as newborns, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems
Cytomegalovirus or kissing disease
a contagious viral infection that is
generally mild in children
but can cause serious complications if contracted
during pregnancy
Rubella or German measles
- known as Type 3C DM
- develops as an outcome of a pancreatic disease such as pancreatitis or carcinoma
- insulin deficiency and loss of pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatogenic Diabetes Mellitus (PDM)
- form of monogenic diabetes
- damaged to the pancreatic beta cells
maturity on-set diabetes of the youth (MODY)
- infantile diabetes or congenital diabetes
- form of monogenic diabetes that occurs in infants less than 6 months of age
neonatal diabetes mellitus
