Carbohydrates Flashcards
- primary energy source stored primarily as glycogen
- hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
Carbohydrates
- cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
- Fructose, glucose, galactose
- monosaccharides
- interaction of 2 monosaccharides
- maltose, lactose, sucrose
Disaccharides
linkage of many monosaccharide units
- starch and glycogen
polysaccharides
glucose + glucose
maltose
glucose + galactose
lactose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
metabolism of glucose to lactate or pyruvate for production of energy
glycolysis
formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate source
gluconeogenesis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
glycogenolysis
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
glycogenesis
conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
lipogenesis
decomposition of fat
lipolysis
- primary hormone responsible for decreasing glucose
- beta cells
Insulin
- primary hormone responsible increasing blood glucose
- alpha cells
Glucagon
- produced by adrenal medulla
- released during times of physical and emotional stress
epinephrine
produced by the adrenal cortex
cortisol (glucocorticoids)
produced by the anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone
produced by the thyroid gland
thyroxine
delta cells in the pancreas and hypothalamus
somastostatin
Metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action or both
diabetes mellitus
- beta cell destruction
- absolute insulin deficiency
- absence of insulin with excess in glucagon
- occurs in childhood and adolescence
Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)
- 90% OF ALL CASES OF DIABETES
- adult onset
- insulin deficiency
- glucagon secretion is attenuated
- non insulin dependent
-ketosis tendency is seldom
type 2 (IDDM)
extreme thirst
polydipsia
extreme hunger
polyphagia
excessive urination
polyuria
-glycogen build up in the liver and kidney due to inhibition of hepatorenal glycogenolysis
- glycogen storage or glycogen deposition in the tissue
- Glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate concentration increase
Von Gierke Disease
glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency type 1
Von Gierke Disease
- glycogen storage in the muscle
- a 1,4 glucosidase acts on the 1.4 a linkages
- maltose in the liver is not hydrolyzed in this defect
- a 1.4 glycosidase can release glucose from maltose and other sources
pomp’s disease
alpha 1,4 D-glucosidase deficiency
pomp’s disease
- glycogen storage in the muscle
- phosphorylase deficiency in the skeletal muscle
- hepatic phosphorylase activity is normal due to increase in blood glucose after administration of glucagon and epinephrine
mc ardle syndrome
phosphorylasedeficiency
mc ardle syndrome
- abnormal glycogen storage in the liver with long inner and outer branching
- abnormal glycogen is also stored in the spleen and lymph glands
- precipitation of abnormal glycogen in the liver
amylopectinosis
deficiency of the branching enzyme
amylopectinosis
glycogen abnormal storage in the liver, heart, and muscle with an excess of short outer branches
- precipitation of abnormal glycogen in the liver
limit dextrinosis
deficiency of the branching enzyme, amylo-6-glucosidase
limit dextrinosis
- accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate in the red cells due to deficiency of galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase leading to depletion of ATP
- manifested as the patient grows older
galactosemia
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency
galactosemia
-deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate in the red cell
- glucose 6-phosphate is used to main the normal red cell membrane stability
- in the red cells, oxidative metabolism of glucose is via hexose monophosphate pathway
drug-induced hemolytic anemia
glucose - 6- phosphate deficiency
drug-induced hemolytic
faulty ganglioside
tay sachs
missing hexosaminidase
tay sachs
l-xylose and arabinose are extracted
- enzyme in monophosphate shunt
pentosuria
- copper reduction method
- glucose + arsemolybdic acid = arsenomolybdenum blue
nelson somogyi
glucose + arsenomolybdic acid =?
arsenomolybdenum blue
- ferric reduction method (inversely colorimetry)
- Glucose + ferricyanide (yellow) = ferrocyanide (colorless)
Hagedorn Jensen
condensation of carbohydrates with aromatic amines producing Schiff bases (green)
Ortho-toluidine (dubowski)
- B-D-glucose + O2 - H2O - glucose oxidase - gluconic acid + H2O2
- Trinder’s reaction
Glucose oxidase (Saifer Gernstenfield)
Glucose + ATP –hexokinase glucose 6-PO₄ + ADP
Hexokinase (reference method)
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Type 1 diabetes – 3 to 4 times/day
A solution (75g of glucose)
is administered and a
specimen is drawn 2 hrs.
later
2-Hour Postprandial
Tests
FBS is taken. Glucose load
is administered. Blood
glucose is determined in
30 min, 1ˢᵗ, 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ hrs.
Oral Glucose Tolerance
Test
- Index for long term plasma glucose control (2-3 month period)
- based on charged differences between HbA1C and Non-HbA1C
HbA₁C Measurement
produced by the liver through metabolism of stored lipids
ketone
accumulation of ketones in blood
ketonemia
accumulation of ketones in urine
ketonuria
Acetoacetic acid + Ferric chloride
= Red color
Gerhardt’s Test
Acetoacetic acid + Ferric chloride
Red color
Acetoacetic acid + nitroprusside
–alkaline pH= Purple color
Nitroprusside
Acetoacetic acid + nitroprusside
–alkaline pH
Purple color
NADH + H⁺ + acetoacetic acid
–β-HBD= NAD + β-hydroxybutyric
acid
Enzymatic
Early stage diabetic renal nephropathy
Microalbuminuria
