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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q
  • primary energy source stored primarily as glycogen
  • hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q
  • cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
  • Fructose, glucose, galactose
A
  • monosaccharides
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3
Q
  • interaction of 2 monosaccharides
  • maltose, lactose, sucrose
A

Disaccharides

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4
Q

linkage of many monosaccharide units
- starch and glycogen

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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6
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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7
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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8
Q

metabolism of glucose to lactate or pyruvate for production of energy

A

glycolysis

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9
Q

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate source

A

gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

glycogenolysis

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11
Q

conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

glycogenesis

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12
Q

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

lipogenesis

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13
Q

decomposition of fat

A

lipolysis

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14
Q
  • primary hormone responsible for decreasing glucose
  • beta cells
A

Insulin

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15
Q
  • primary hormone responsible increasing blood glucose
  • alpha cells
A

Glucagon

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16
Q
  • produced by adrenal medulla
  • released during times of physical and emotional stress
A

epinephrine

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17
Q

produced by the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol (glucocorticoids)

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18
Q

produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

growth hormone

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19
Q

produced by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine

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20
Q

delta cells in the pancreas and hypothalamus

A

somastostatin

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21
Q

Metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action or both

A

diabetes mellitus

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22
Q
  • beta cell destruction
  • absolute insulin deficiency
  • absence of insulin with excess in glucagon
  • occurs in childhood and adolescence
A

Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)

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23
Q
  • 90% OF ALL CASES OF DIABETES
  • adult onset
  • insulin deficiency
  • glucagon secretion is attenuated
  • non insulin dependent
    -ketosis tendency is seldom
A

type 2 (IDDM)

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24
Q

extreme thirst

A

polydipsia

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25
Q

extreme hunger

A

polyphagia

26
Q

excessive urination

A

polyuria

27
Q

-glycogen build up in the liver and kidney due to inhibition of hepatorenal glycogenolysis
- glycogen storage or glycogen deposition in the tissue
- Glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate concentration increase

A

Von Gierke Disease

28
Q

glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency type 1

A

Von Gierke Disease

29
Q
  • glycogen storage in the muscle
  • a 1,4 glucosidase acts on the 1.4 a linkages
  • maltose in the liver is not hydrolyzed in this defect
  • a 1.4 glycosidase can release glucose from maltose and other sources
A

pomp’s disease

30
Q

alpha 1,4 D-glucosidase deficiency

A

pomp’s disease

31
Q
  • glycogen storage in the muscle
  • phosphorylase deficiency in the skeletal muscle
  • hepatic phosphorylase activity is normal due to increase in blood glucose after administration of glucagon and epinephrine
A

mc ardle syndrome

32
Q

phosphorylasedeficiency

A

mc ardle syndrome

33
Q
  • abnormal glycogen storage in the liver with long inner and outer branching
  • abnormal glycogen is also stored in the spleen and lymph glands
  • precipitation of abnormal glycogen in the liver
A

amylopectinosis

34
Q

deficiency of the branching enzyme

A

amylopectinosis

35
Q

glycogen abnormal storage in the liver, heart, and muscle with an excess of short outer branches
- precipitation of abnormal glycogen in the liver

A

limit dextrinosis

36
Q

deficiency of the branching enzyme, amylo-6-glucosidase

A

limit dextrinosis

37
Q
  • accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate in the red cells due to deficiency of galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase leading to depletion of ATP
  • manifested as the patient grows older
A

galactosemia

38
Q

galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency

A

galactosemia

39
Q

-deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate in the red cell
- glucose 6-phosphate is used to main the normal red cell membrane stability
- in the red cells, oxidative metabolism of glucose is via hexose monophosphate pathway

A

drug-induced hemolytic anemia

40
Q

glucose - 6- phosphate deficiency

A

drug-induced hemolytic

41
Q

faulty ganglioside

A

tay sachs

42
Q

missing hexosaminidase

A

tay sachs

43
Q

l-xylose and arabinose are extracted
- enzyme in monophosphate shunt

A

pentosuria

44
Q
  • copper reduction method
  • glucose + arsemolybdic acid = arsenomolybdenum blue
A

nelson somogyi

45
Q

glucose + arsenomolybdic acid =?

A

arsenomolybdenum blue

46
Q
  • ferric reduction method (inversely colorimetry)
  • Glucose + ferricyanide (yellow) = ferrocyanide (colorless)
A

Hagedorn Jensen

47
Q

condensation of carbohydrates with aromatic amines producing Schiff bases (green)

A

Ortho-toluidine (dubowski)

48
Q
  • B-D-glucose + O2 - H2O - glucose oxidase - gluconic acid + H2O2
  • Trinder’s reaction
A

Glucose oxidase (Saifer Gernstenfield)

49
Q

Glucose + ATP –hexokinase glucose 6-PO₄ + ADP

A

Hexokinase (reference method)

50
Q

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

A

Type 1 diabetes – 3 to 4 times/day

51
Q

A solution (75g of glucose)
is administered and a
specimen is drawn 2 hrs.
later

A

2-Hour Postprandial
Tests

52
Q

FBS is taken. Glucose load
is administered. Blood
glucose is determined in
30 min, 1ˢᵗ, 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ hrs.

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance
Test

53
Q
  • Index for long term plasma glucose control (2-3 month period)
  • based on charged differences between HbA1C and Non-HbA1C
A

HbA₁C Measurement

54
Q

produced by the liver through metabolism of stored lipids

A

ketone

55
Q

accumulation of ketones in blood

A

ketonemia

56
Q

accumulation of ketones in urine

A

ketonuria

57
Q

Acetoacetic acid + Ferric chloride
= Red color

A

Gerhardt’s Test

58
Q

Acetoacetic acid + Ferric chloride

A

Red color

59
Q

Acetoacetic acid + nitroprusside
–alkaline pH= Purple color

A

Nitroprusside

60
Q

Acetoacetic acid + nitroprusside
–alkaline pH

A

Purple color

61
Q

NADH + H⁺ + acetoacetic acid
–β-HBD= NAD + β-hydroxybutyric
acid

A

Enzymatic

62
Q

Early stage diabetic renal nephropathy

A

Microalbuminuria

Clinical Chemistry (4 decks)

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