Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the3 types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides = monomers, polysaccharides and disaccharides

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2
Q

Name some monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose and galactose

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3
Q

Name some polysaccharides

A

Starch glycogen chitin cellulose

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4
Q

Name some disaccharides / dimer

A

Sucrose lactose maltose

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5
Q

What elements are in carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen oxygen

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6
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Instant energy source, because respiration by glucose and transportables or storage forms of energy and structural materials glycoproteins in cell membranes

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7
Q

3,5,6 carbon molecules = sugar name?

A

Triose,pentose, hexose

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8
Q

General formula carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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9
Q

Why is it good that glucose is a polar molecule

A

Very soluble and transported in blood stream

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of glucose and how are they different

A

Alpha and beta glucose. They are isomers (same formula but different arrangement in space). In alpha, OH group is below carbon 1 but above carbon 1 in beta

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11
Q

How is water a polar molecule

A

Oxygen atom has slightly negative charge because it attracts electrons and hydrogen is slightly positive because the electrons move away

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12
Q

Define polar molecule

A

Slightly uneven distribution of charge across different parts of a molecule leading to no overall charge

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13
Q

Which monosaccharides make up lactose sucrose and maltose

A

Lactose = galactose + glucose
Sucrose= glucose + fructose
Maltose= glucose + glucose

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14
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction for carbs

A

Larger molecules form, new covalent glycosidic bond forms and water molecule is removed from smaller molecules being combined

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15
Q

What happens in hydrolysis reaction for carbs

A

Smaller molecules formed, covalent bond broken, water molecule added from large molecules being broken down

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16
Q

What are polysaccharides and why are they ideal storage molecules (starch + glycogen)

A

Polymers made from glucose molecules and ideal because they are compact as they are coiled and branched and insoluble so don’t affect the osmotic potential and its easy to add and remove glucose molecules because branched ends means lots of glucose molecules released at once l have high energy content

17
Q

Starch → purpose: energy source for humans

A

Polymers amylopectin and amylose
Amylose is a straight coiled chain of alpha glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and amylopectin is a branched and coiled chain with 1-4 bonds and the branches form between carbons 1 and 6 of adjacent monomers

18
Q

Glycogen

A

The energy store for animals in liver + muscle cells - polymer of alpha glucose - with 1,4 glycosidic bonds creating coiled chain (more coiled then and amylopectin) due to sidechains attached by 1,6 glycosidic bonds so more compact than starch and stored as granules in liver and muscle cells

19
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural role in plant cell walls - long straight chains of beta glucose with 1,4 glycosidic bonds + every other glucose molecule rotated 180° relative to next molecules H bonds form between long multiple chains like layers = microfibril = very strong

20
Q

Chitin

A

Cell walls for fungi and exoskeletons of insects ( contains nitrogen) with beta glucose + same structure as cellulose but OH group on carbon 2 replaced with acetyl amide side chain containing nitrogen

21
Q

Definition of disaccharide / how are they formed

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction with glycosidic bond joining two hexose units

22
Q

Monomer for chitin

A

B glucose with acetyl amide side chain

23
Q

Structural formula for monosaccharides

A

Either straight chain or rings

24
Q

What type of bond is important in helping maintain shape of biological molecules

A

Hydrogen bonding

25
Q

Structure and resulting function of starch and glucagon

A

Long chains of glucose → long chains mean that glucose molecules can readily break off at ends when required for respiration
Insoluble → doesn’t affect osmotic potential or movement entering / leaving cell → glycogen more compact than starch due to side chains and compact so suitable for storage of energy

26
Q

General structure and resulting function of cellulose

A

Hydrogen bonds between OH groups of parallel chains making microfibril = structural support for plant cell walls and very strong preventing cell from bursting when plants become turgid

27
Q

Why is chitin important to insect body structure

A

Microfibril with many chains and hydrogen bonds = strong, hard, flexible, lightweight + waterproof

28
Q

Two key properties of monosaccharides and disaccharides

A

Sweet and soluble

29
Q
A