Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are Carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Made from monosaccharides, simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms
Monosaccharides: Example
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
What is Glucose?
A hexose sugar - C6 H12 O6
An important source of energy in humans
During cellular respiration, the energy released from glucose helps to make adenosine triphosphate ( ATP )
Isomers of glucose
Alpha
Beta
Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
The carbon atoms are numbered from 1-6 and the OH (hydroxyl) groups are in a different orientation around C1
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
What are Polysaccharides made up of?
Polysaccharides are made up of three or more monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.
The chain may be branched or unbranched
The chain may contain different types of monosaccharides
Polysaccharides: Examples
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
What do Straight chain polysaccharides consist of?
Beta glucose
Beta- 1,4- bonds
What do coiled chain polysaccharides consist of?
Alpha glucose
Alpha-1,4- bonds
What do coiled branched chain polysaccharides consist of?
Alpha- 1,6 - glycosidic bonds
Alpha- 1,4 - glycosidic bonds
what type of polysaccharide is cellulose?
long, straight polysaccharide
what is cellulose made up of?
Beta-1,4- glycosidic bonds
Why does cellulose provide the plant cell wall with structure?
The straight linear cellulose chains lie parallel to each other, resulting fin hydrogen bonds forming between them. Although, individually, hydrogen bonds are weak intermolecular forces, together they are strong adding to the rigidity of the cellulose. The grouped chains are called microfibrils. Many parallel microfibrils are called macrofibrils. Many macrofibrils make up the plant cell wall.
what is glycogens main function?
energy storage molecule in animals
how is glycogen adapted to its role as an energy storage molecule?
It cannot cross cell membrane as it is too large
It is compact due to its coiled nature
It doesn’t affect water potential as it is insoluble
what is starch’s main function?
Energy storage in plants
Where is glycogen stored?
in liver and muscle cells
where is starch stored?
As granules in plastids such as chloroplasts
what is starch constructed from?
Amylose: 10-30%
unbranched helix-shaped chain with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between a-glucose molecules
the helix shape enables it to be more compact and thus resistant to digestion.
Amylopectin: 70-90%
1,4 glycosidic bonds between a-glucose molecules
1,6 glycosidic bonds between glucose molecules creating branches
the branches result in many terminal glucose molecules that can be easily hydrolysed during cellular respiration
which saccharides are reducing sugars?
some disaccharides
some polysaccharides
all monosaccharides
which saccharides are non reducing sugars?
disaccharides
polysaccharides
Reducing Sugars: Examples
monosaccharides:
glucose
fructose
galactose
disaccharides:
maltose
lactose
