carbohydrates Flashcards
Define a Monosaccharide
Single monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
Define a Disaccharide
Formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharides
Define a Polysaccharide
Formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides
Which carbohydrates are simple sugars/carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
Give 3 examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Give 3 examples of Disaccharides and the monosaccharide combinations that make them
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
What type of bonds are formed by condensation polymerisation in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds
Define an Isomer [2]
- Has the same molecular formula
- With differently arranged atoms
What are the two isomers of glucose?
a-glucose
ß-glucose
Draw a-glucose
H O H
HO OH
Draw ß-glucose
H O OH
OH H
Give 3 examples of Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
What is the structure of Glycogen? [3]
- polysaccharide of a-glucose
- C1-C4 & C1-C6 glycosidic bonds
- branched
What is the Function of Glycogen?
Used as an energy store in Animal Cells
Give 3 ways the structure of Glycogen is related to its function
Branched 》Can be rapidly hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration to provide energy
Large molecule 》Can’t leave cell
Insoluble in water 》Water potential of cell not affected (no osmotic effect)
What is the Structure of Starch?
- polysaccharide of a-glucose
- Mixture of amylose and amylopectin
Describe amylose [2]
- Made of C1-C4 glycosidic bonds
- Is unbranched but coils
Describe amylopectin [2]
- Made of both C1-C4 and C1-C6 glycosidic bonds
- Causing branching
What is the Function of Starch?
Used as an energy store in Plant Cells
Give 3 ways the structure of starch is related to its function (amylose)
Helical 》Compact for storage in cell
Large molecule 》Can’t leave cell
Insoluble in water 》Water potential of cell not affected (no osmotic effect)
What is the Structure of Cellulose?
Made of ß-glucose
Describe the Function Cellulose?
Provides Strength & Structural Support to plant cell walls
Give 3 ways the structure of Cellulose is related to its function
Every other ß-glucose molecule is inverted in a long, straight, unbranched chain 》making it easier for them to associate with other cellulose chains
Many hydrogen bonds link parallel strands, called crosslinks, to form micro fibrils 》Providing Strength
H bonds are in high numbers 》Providing Strength
