Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is the “Fed” state?
insulin from pancreatic beta cells (islets of Langerhans)
When is Insulin is decreased?
-Lipolysis
-ketone formation
-gluconeogenesis
-glycogenolysis
When does Insulin increase?
-lipogenesis
-protein synthesis
-Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis
fat creation
protein synthesis
the creation of proteins
Glycogenesis
creation of glycogen
what is the “Fasting” state ?
glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells
what is “fight or flight”
epinephrine from adrenal medulla
Define and explain carbohydrate structures and classifications
Carbohydrates are compounds containing C, H, and O. All carbohydrates contain C=O and -OH functional groups.
The classification of carbohydrates is based on four different properties: (1) the size of the base carbon chain, (2) the location of the CO function group, (3) the number of sugar units, and (4) the stereochemistry of the compound.
True or False: Carbohydrates are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the CO functional group.
True
the aldose form has a terminal carbonyl group (O=CH-) called an
aldehyde group
the ketone form has a carbonyl group (O=C) in the middle linked to two other carbon atoms called a
ketone group
Define and explain Monosaccharide
-are simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form.
These sugars can contain three, four, five, and six or more carbon atoms (known as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, respectively). The most common include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Define and explain Disaccharide
are formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic linkage.
On hydrolysis, disaccharides will be split into two monosaccharides by disaccharide enzymes located on the microvilli of the intestine.
Define and explain Polysaccharides
are formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units.
On hydrolysis, polysaccharides will yield more than 10 monosaccharides.
True or False: some carbs are reducing substances
True, these carbohydrates can reduce other compounds. The carbohydrate must contain a ketone or aldehyde group. *******
Discuss carbohydrates metabolism
Starch + Glycogen –> alpha-amylase + saliva and pancreatic juice —–> go into the gut by either maltose/sucrose/lactoce –> microvilli brush boarder help them get through and eneter the bloodstream
Monosaccharides get broken down into galactose/glucose/fructose in the gut–> transported across with the help of microvilli brush board and into the bloodstream
Explain the process of digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates
Most of our ingested carbs are polymers such as starch and glycogen. With the help of salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase they are digested and converted to dextrins and disaccharides, then further hydrolyzed to monosaccharides (by maltase, sucrase and/or lactase in the gut.)
From there the monosaccharides are absorbed by the gut and transported to the liver by the hepatic portal venous blood supply.
Explain the main transport routes and uptake of carbohydrates
State the main physiologic functions of carbohydrates
Explain the glucose pathways
Explain the effect of hormones in regulation of blood glucose levels
Discuss the maintenance of blood glucose levels in the “fed state” (parenteral) and “fasting state”
Explain the formation and significance of hemoglobin A1c
Discuss disease states and disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism
Explain etiology, symptoms, effects hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia is an increase in plasma glucose levels.
In healthy patients, during hyper
Type 1; Type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Explain the diagnostic criteria for Type 1, 2 (impaired glucose tolerance and provisional) and GDM
Explain etiology, symptoms, effects, and diagnostic criteria of hypoglycemia
Discuss methodologies for carbohydrate determinations
State the sample types required, reference interval, most common interfering substances/sources of error, and the usefulness of each for glucose testing
Explain the usefulness of, patient preparation,and the procedure for a glucose tolerance test; include normal and diagnostic levels
Discuss the usefulness of bedside or at home glucose monitoring devices; compare results to non-point-of-care analyzer results and include effects of whole blood vs plasma
Explain usefulness of estimated average glucose (eAG)
Explain the formation and significance of hemoglobin A1C
HbA1c > 6.5%
Ketones
complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
- acid-base imbalance
- can be life-threatening
- Acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxyutryrate
