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BSMLS2A MIDTERMS > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Haworth projection formulas:

a) are representations of the cyclic form of sugars
b) can show the distinction between the α and β anomers
c) both of the above
d) neither of the above

A

c) both of the above

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2
Q

Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates?

a) They are major energy sources.
b) They play key roles in processes that take place on the surface of cells.
c) They are used in structural roles.
d) They are catalytic components of enzymes.

A

d) They are catalytic components of enzymes.

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3
Q

The simplest ketotriose is:

a) glyceraldehyde.
b) dihydroxyacetone.
c) ribose.
d) glucose.
e) sucrose.

A

b) dihydroxyacetone.

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4
Q

For a D-sugar, the α anomer in a Haworth projection:

a) has an upward projection (on the same side as the terminal CH2OH group).
b) has a downward projection (on the opposite side from the terminal CH2OH group).
c) may be either up or down, it depends on the individual sugar.
d) is non-existent; anomers are a consideration only in Fischer projections.

A

b) has a downward projection (on the opposite side from the terminal CH2OH group).

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5
Q

Diastereomers are:

a) mirror-image, nonsuperimposable stereoisomers.
b) non-mirror-image, nonsuperimposable stereoisomers.
c) stereoisomers with one or more double bonds.
d) none of the above.

A

b) non-mirror-image, nonsuperimposable stereoisomers.

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6
Q

Epimers are:

a) stereoisomers that differ from each other in their configuration at two or more carbon atoms.
b) stereoisomers that differ from each other in their configuration at a single carbon atom.
c) the a and b forms of cyclic sugars.
d) two related compounds, pyran and furan.

A

b) stereoisomers that differ from each other in their configuration at a single carbon atom.

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7
Q

How many stereoisomers are possible for an aldopentose?

a) 4
b) 8
c) 12
d) 16

A

b) 8

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8
Q

How many enantiomeric pairs are possible for an aldohexose?

a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16

A

c) 8

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9
Q

Aldose can form which type of cyclic structure?

a) Hemiacetal
b) Hemiketal
c) Both hemiacetal and hemiketal
d) Neither hemiacetal and hemiketal

A

a) Hemiacetal

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10
Q

The cyclic form of sugars:

a) has one more chiral center (the anomeric carbon) than the open-chain form.
b) loses a chiral center compared to the open-chain form.
c) is not usually found in nature.
d) has one more carbon atom than the open-chain form.
e) has one less carbon atom than the open-chain form.

A

a) has one more chiral center (the anomeric carbon) than the open-chain form.

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11
Q

Isomers of sugars in which the position of ketone and aldehyde groups have been changed are called

a) anomers.
b) diastereoisomers.
c) enantiomers.
d) epimers.
e) none of the above.

A

e) none of the above.

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12
Q

Which carbon of the open-chain form of a sugar becomes the anomeric carbon in the cyclic form?

a) the carbonyl carbon
b) the highest numbered chiral center
c) the highest numbered carbon
d) It depends on the individual sugar.

A

a) the carbonyl carbon

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13
Q

The α and β forms of the same sugar are called

a) anomers.
b) diastereoisomers.
c) enantiomers.
d) epimers.
e) none of the above.

A

a) anomers.

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14
Q

A pyranose is a sugar that

a) contains a five-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure.
b) contains a six-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure.
c) is a five-carbon open-chain sugar.
d) is a six-carbon open-chain sugar.

A

b) contains a six-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure.

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15
Q

A furanose is a sugar that

a) contains a five-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure.
b) contains a six-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure.
c) is a five-carbon open-chain sugar.
d) is a six-carbon open-chain sugar.

A

a) contains a five-membered ring as part of its cyclic structure.

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16
Q

For a D-sugar, any group that is written to the right of the carbon in a Fischer projection

a) has an upward projection in a Haworth projection.
b) has a downward projection in a Haworth projection.
c) may be either up or down in a Haworth projection, it depends on the individual sugar.
d) is missing from a Haworth projection.
e) galactose and fructose

A

b) has a downward projection in a Haworth projection.

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17
Q

In bacterial cell walls

a) polysaccharides form nonspecific mixtures with proteins
b) polysaccharides are hydrogen bonded together
c) peptides form crosslinks between polysaccharides
d) oligosaccharides form crosslinks between proteins

A

c) peptides form crosslinks between polysaccharides

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18
Q

The linkage between the glucose residues in amylopectin and glycogen is:

a) For the main chain α(1 → 4) and β(1 → 4) for the branches
b) For the main chain α(1 → 6) and α(1 → 4) for the branches
c) For the main chain α(1 → 4) and α(1 → 6) for the branches
d) For the main chain β(1 → 4) and β(1 → 6) for the branches
e) The linkage between the glucose residues is variable.

A

c) For the main chain α(1 → 4) and α(1 → 6) for the branches

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19
Q

Glycogen is

a) polysaccharide storage polymer found in plants
b) a linear polysaccharide
c) a highly branched polysaccharide found in animals
d) a synthetic sugar substitute

A

c) a highly branched polysaccharide found in animals

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20
Q

Which of the following monosaccharides is a ketose?

a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Galatose
d. Mannose

A

c. Fructose

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21
Q

How many carbon atoms are in the simplest carbohydrates?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

A

c. 3

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22
Q

The simplest aldotriose is:

a. acetone

b. dihydroxyacetone

c. glyceraldehyde

d. threose

A

c. glyceraldehyde

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23
Q

In a Fischer projection, which chiral carbon determines whether the sugar is the D- or the L-isomer?

a.highest numbered carbon atom

b. 
lowest numbered asymmetric carbon atom

c. lowest numbered carbon atom

d. 
highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom

A

d. 
highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom

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24
Q

D-erythrose is to D-ribose as D-ribose is to:

a. D-allose

b. D-altrose

c. D-glucose

d. D-galactose

A

a. D-allose

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25
Q

Sugars which differ in chirality only around one carbon are most specifically called:

a. anomers.

b. diastereoisomers.

c. enantiomers.

d. epimers.

e. none of these

A

d. epimers.

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26
Q

The cyclic form of sugars

a. has one more chiral center (the anomeric carbon) than the open-chain form.

b. loses a chiral center compared to the open-chain form.


c. is not usually found in nature.


d. has one more carbon atom than the open-chain form.

e. has one less carbon atom than the open-chain form.

A

a. has one more chiral center (the anomeric carbon) than the open-chain form.

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27
Q

Which of the following groups is produced when an aldehyde is oxidized?

a. ketone

b.carboxyl

c. alcohol

d. ether

A

b.carboxyl

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28
Q

A lactone is a cyclic

a. ether.
b. ester.
c. ketone.
d. alcohol

A

b. ester.

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29
Q

Which of the following compounds is produced by oxidation of an aldose in the cyclic form?

a. a hemiacetal


b. hemiketal


c. lactone


d. amino sugar

A

c. lactone


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30
Q

Two samples containing identical mixtures of sugars are analyzed, one using Tollen’s reagent, the other with glucose oxidase. Which will give a stronger reaction?

a. Tollen’s reagent

b. 
glucose oxidase


c. They will have identical strengths.


d. It’s impossible to predict from the information provided.

A

a. Tollen’s reagent

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31
Q

The conversion of a sugar’s carbonyl to an alcohol is

a. a reduction reaction.

b. an oxidation reaction.

c. a glycosidic reaction.

d. impossible.

A

a. a reduction reaction.

32
Q

Deoxyribose is best described as a(n):

a. oxidized form of ribose

b.reduced pyranose

c. polyhydroxyl alcohol

d. glycoside

e. reduced form of a pentose

A

d. glycoside

33
Q

When monosaccharides are bonded together

a. one H2O molecule is lost for each new link formed.

b. oligosaccharides are formed by combining a few monosaccharides.

c. polysaccharides are formed by combining many monosaccharides.

d. all of these

A

d. all of these

34
Q

Glycosidic bonds from sugars

a. always link to the other molecule through an oxygen atom.


b. always link to the other molecule through a nitrogen atom.


c. may link to the other molecule through either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom

A

c. may link to the other molecule through either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom

35
Q

Which of the following statements concerning sugar polymers is false?

a. Branched polymers have one non-reducing end and many reducing ends.

b. 
Linear polymers are more water-soluble than branched ones.

c. 
Branched polymers are more water-soluble than linear ones.


A

b. 
Linear polymers are more water-soluble than branched ones.

36
Q

Glycosidic linkages between monosaccharide units may vary based on

a. the anomeric form of the cyclic structure, i.e., a or b.

b. which -OH group is involved

c. both of these


d. none of these

A

c. both of these


37
Q

Sucrose is composed of the following simple sugars:

a. galactose only

b. glucose only

c. 
fructose only

d. galactose and glucose

e. glucose and fructose

f. galactose and fructose

A

e. glucose and fructose

38
Q

Maltose is composed of the following simple sugars:

a. galactose only

b. glucose only

c. 
fructose only

d. galactose and glucose

e. glucose and fructose

f. galactose and fructose

A

b. glucose only

39
Q

The difference between cellobiose and maltose is:

a. one contains glucose and the other fructose

b. 
they contain different monosaccharides

c. 
they both contain glucose units but are connected together at different carbons

d. one has an á linkage and the other a â linkage

e. there is no difference between the two

A

d. one has an á linkage and the other a â linkage

40
Q

Which of the following is not a reducing sugar?

a. glucose

b. fructose

c. sucrose

d. maltose

e. lactose

A

c. sucrose

41
Q

Which of the following artificial sweeteners is a chemical derivative of sucrose?

a. saccharin

b. cyclamates

c. sucralose

d. aspartame

A

c. sucralose

42
Q

Lactose is composed of the following simple sugars:

a. galactose only

b. glucose only


c. fructose only

d. galactose and glucose

e. glucose and fructose

f. galactose and fructose

A

d. galactose and glucose

43
Q

The following sugar is also called milk sugar:

a. Fructose

b. Glucose

c. Lactose

d. Sucrose

e. Maltose

A

c. Lactose

44
Q

The following sugar is also called fruit sugar:

a. Fructose

b. Glucose

c. Lactose

d. Sucrose

e. Maltose

A

a. Fructose

45
Q

The following sugar is also called blood sugar:

a. Fructose

b. Glucose

c. Lactose

d. Sucrose

e. Maltose

A

b. Glucose

46
Q

Which of the following molecules is a disaccharide?

a. glucose

b. lactose

c. fructose

d. galactose

A

b. lactose

47
Q

Lactose intolerance

a. arises from inability to metabolize the disaccharide lactose


b. depends on a deficiency of sucrose in the diet

c. 
is based on the composition of lactose, consisting glucose and fructose in glycosidic linkage

d. arises because lactose is a dimer of galactose

A

a. arises from inability to metabolize the disaccharide lactose


48
Q

Which of the following disaccharides cannot be digested by mammals?

a. cellobiose

b. sucrose

c. maltose

d. lactose

A

a. cellobiose

49
Q

Which of the following statements associated with cellulose is false?

a. It’s a linear polymer of glucose.


b. The glycosidic linkage is b(1 ® 4).


c. Hydrolysis is accomplished enzymatically by cellulase.

d. Most animals can easily digest this compound.

A

d. Most animals can easily digest this compound.

50
Q

Cellulose is indigestible to most animals because

a. animals do not have the enzymes needed to hydrolyze ester linkages between the monomer units


b. animals do not have the enzymes needed to hydrolyze the a-glycosidic linkages between the monomer units

c. animals do not have the enzymes needed to hydrolyze the b-glycosidic linkages between the monomer units

A

c. animals do not have the enzymes needed to hydrolyze the b-glycosidic linkages between the monomer units

51
Q

Humans are not able to digest cellulose as a food source because:

a. Cellulose is very insoluble.

b. 
It is more important that the cellulose is used as fiber in our bodies.


c. We lack the enzyme to break the b linkage in the cellulose.


d. Cellulose is insoluble and we lack the enzyme to break the b linkage in the cellulose.

A

d. Cellulose is insoluble and we lack the enzyme to break the b linkage in the cellulose.

52
Q

In bacterial cell walls

a. polysaccharides form nonspecific mixtures with proteins

b. polysaccharides are hydrogen bonded together

c. peptides form cross links between polysaccharides

d. oligosaccharides form crosslinks between proteins

A

c. peptides form cross links between polysaccharides

53
Q

Which of the following molecules have the highest degree of a[1-6] branching linkages
a. Amylose

b. Amylopectin
c. 
Starch

d. Glycogen
e. 
All of these have the same degree of branching

A

d. Glycogen

54
Q

A major difference between amylose and amylopectin is that

a. amylose is connected by a(1-4) bonds and amylopectin is connected by b(1-4) bonds.

b. amylose is branched and amylopectin is not.


c. amylopectin is branched and amylose is not.

d. 
each is composed different types of sugar residues.

A

c. amylopectin is branched and amylose is not.

55
Q

Glycogen is

a. polysaccharide storage polymer found in plants


b. a linear polysaccharide
a

c. highly branched polysaccharide found in animals

d. a synthetic sugar substitute

A

c. highly branched polysaccharide found in animals

56
Q

Which of the following has only a[1-4] linkages and no a[1-6] linkages

a. Glycogen

b. Amylose

c. Amylopectin

d. Starch

e. Cellobiose

A

b. Amylose

57
Q

Glycogen has a similar structure to amylopectin, but is less highly branched. T/F

A

F

58
Q

Glycogen is sometimes called animal starch. T/F

A

T

59
Q

Plant starch includes amylopectin and cellulose. T/F

A

F

60
Q

A bacterial cell wall is composed of:

a. A polysaccharide consisting of a single type of monosaccharide unit and cross-linking oligopeptides.

b. A polysaccharide consisting of 2 types of monosaccharide units and cross-linking oligopeptides.


c. A polysaccharide consisting of 3 types of monosaccharide units and cross-linking oligopeptides.

A

b. A polysaccharide consisting of 2 types of monosaccharide units and cross-linking oligopeptides.


61
Q

There are two forms of starch:

a. amylose and glycogen, both of which are highly branched polysaccharides

b. 
glycogen and chitin, both of which are linear polysaccharides


c. amylopectin and glycogen, both of which are linear polysaccharides


d. amylose, which is a linear polysaccharide, and amylopectin, which is highly branched

A

d. amylose, which is a linear polysaccharide, and amylopectin, which is highly branched

62
Q

The blue color in a well-known test for the presence of starches is due to

a. the formation of crosslinks between molecules of starch, caused by the addition of Cu2+

b. the reaction of the silver-ammonia complex ion with the hydroxyl groups of the starch

c. the formation of a complex between iodine and amylose

d. 
none of these

A

c. the formation of a complex between iodine and amylose

63
Q

Amino or acid derivatives of sugars are very important in which of the following biological functions?

a. Structural roles


b. Lubricating fluids

c. 
Cell surface sugars used in cell identity

d. 
Both structural roles and lubricating fluids.


e. All of the above are functions of amino and acid sugar derivatives.

A

e. All of the above are functions of amino and acid sugar derivatives.

64
Q

Cell walls
A. occur in plants, animals, and bacteria

B. 
are found in plants and bacteria, but have different chemical compositions

C. have the same chemical composition in plants and bacteria


D. have the same chemical composition in plants and animals

A

B. 
are found in plants and bacteria, but have different chemical compositions

65
Q

One major difference between bacterial and plant cell walls is that bacterial cell walls have polysaccharides that are cross linked by peptides. T/F

A

T

66
Q

Insoluble fiber in the diet is better at binding toxic substances than soluble fiber. T/F

A

F

67
Q

The most common biopolymer on earth is this carbohydrate:

a. Glucose


b. Cellulose

c. 
Starch


d. Chitin


e. None of these carbohydrates is very common.

A

b. Cellulose

68
Q

Insoluble fiber in the diet is better at better at providing bulk and stimulating peristaltic action than soluble fiber. T/F

A

T

69
Q

Polysaccharides used in cell wall structure contribute rigidity to the wall due to covalent cross-linking between the fibers. T/F

A

F

70
Q

Chitin, which forms the exoskeletons of insects, is composed of

a. a(1-4) linked N-acetylglucosamine residues

b. b(1-4) linked N-acetylglucosamine residues

c. a(1-4) linked glucose residues


d. b(1-4) linked glucose residues

A

b. b(1-4) linked N-acetylglucosamine residues

71
Q

One advantage of branched sugar polymers is the availability of more ends for chemical reaction. T/F

A

T

72
Q

Which of the following statements concerning plant cell walls is false?

a. They are composed of a polysaccharide and protein matrix.

b. They contain a lipid bilayer.


c. They are porous to small molecules.

d. 
They contain large amounts of protein.

A

d. 
They contain large amounts of protein.

73
Q

Blood typing depends on

a. the nature of the oligosaccharide portion of glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells

b. the presence of a polysaccharide coating on red blood cells

c. the presence of a polysaccharide coating on white blood cells

d. the addition of sucrose to blood before storage

A

a. the nature of the oligosaccharide portion of glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells

74
Q

Cartilage and mucous are both slippery because:

a. Short polymers comprise these compounds.


b. The charge repulsion between the many acid groups in these polymers.

c. The sticky nature of sugars.


d. Both charge repulsion of acidic groups and the sticky nature of sugars.

e. All of these

A

d. Both charge repulsion of acidic groups and the sticky nature of sugars.

75
Q

Glycoproteins

a. are involved in the metabolism of sugars

b. are proteins to which sugars are covalently bonded

c. occur in the bloodstream of diabetics

d. have not been found in nature, but have been synthesized in the laboratory

A

b. are proteins to which sugars are covalently bonded

76
Q

The main difference, on the surface of a red blood cell, between the A-B-O major blood groups depends on

a. the presence or absence of a certain protein sequence.

b. the presence or absence of a certain sugar.

c. 
the presence or absence of an acetyl group on a sugar.

d. all of these

A

b. the presence or absence of a certain sugar.

77
Q

Which of the following is true about the ABO blood groups?

a. all three of the blood groups have an á-L-fucose group attached

b. 
type O blood is the universal donor because it has an á-L-fucose group

c. type A blood has a â-N-acetylgalactosamine group d. type AB blood is the universal donor

A

a. all three of the blood groups have an á-L-fucose group attached

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