Carbohydrates

Question 1

Why can glucose not be absorbed for type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

Pancreas does not produce insulin

Question 2

Why can glucose not be absorbed for type 2 diabetes

Answer 2

cells ignore insulin signal

Question 3

what transporter allows glucose into cells

Answer 3

GLUT4

Question 4

what processes does glucagon increase

Answer 4

Increase glucogenesis
increase glycogen breakdown

Question 5

what processes does glucagon decrease

Answer 5

protein synthesis
fat synthesis

Question 6

hydrogen sink definition

Answer 6

a molecule where hydrogen is deposited to allow metabolism to continue

Question 7

what are examples of hydrogen sinks

Answer 7

-CH4
-Propionate
-UFAs

Question 8

how many ATP are used by microbes for each VFA

Answer 8

A: 4
P: 1-3
B: 3

Question 9

How many of each VFA can be synthesized from one glucose molecule

Answer 9

A: 2
B: 2
P: 1

Question 10

how much CO2 is generated from production of each VFA

Answer 10

A: 1
B: 0
P: 1.5

Question 11

how much CH4 is generated from production of each VFA

Answer 11

A: 1
P: -0.5
B:0.5

Question 12

what % of glucose energy is available to animal from each VFA

Answer 12

A: 62
B: 109
P: 78

Question 13

what is the average percentage of each VFA created(equals 100%)

Answer 13

A: 60
B: 30
P: 10

Question 14

what type of feed increases Acetate production

Answer 14

SCHO

Question 15

what type of feed increases propionate production

Answer 15

NCHO

Question 16

uses of acetate

Answer 16

energy
SQ/milk fat

Question 17

uses of propionate

Answer 17

energy
marbling
glucogenic

Question 18

uses of butyrate

Answer 18

energy

Question 19

amylolytic bacteria(5)

Answer 19

amylase
glucoamylase
maltase
isomaltase
pullulanase

Question 20

2 types of amylolytic amylase and their function

Answer 20

endo(a bond)-hydrolyzes randomly throughout starch chain to produce oligiosaccharides
exo(b bond)-hydrolyzes end of starch chain to produce maltose, maltotriose and isomaltose)

Question 21

which amylolytic enzymes have the same function as their mammalian enzyme counterpart

Answer 21

glucoamylase
maltase
isomaltase

Question 22

function of pullulanase

Answer 22

debranching enzyme, hydrolyze 1,6 bonds

Question 23

cellulolytic bacteria(5)

Answer 23

glucanase
cellobiohydralase
cellobiosidase
cellobiase
cellodextranse

Question 24

2 types of glucanase and their functions

Answer 24

exoglucanase: hydrolyze one glucose from end of cellulose
endoglucanase: attack inside of cellulose chain to produce olyiosaccharides

Question 25

what enzyme are capable of hydrolyzing structural carbohydrates

Answer 25

cellulolytic enzymes

Question 26

where are cellulolytic enzymes stored

Answer 26

cellulase complex

Question 27

pH of cellulase complex

Answer 27

6.5

Question 28

function of cellobiohydrolase and cellobiosidase

Answer 28

produce cellobiose from olyiosaccharides

Question 29

function of cellobiase

Answer 29

produce 2 glucose from cellobiose

Question 30

cellodextranase

Answer 30

cleave glucose from cellulose

Question 31

T/F NCHO is more digestible than SCHO

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

what ruminal product(s)increases when a cow is fed NCHO

Answer 32

VFA MCP MPL

Question 33

what ruminal product/characteristic(s)decreases when cow is fed NCHO

Answer 33

A:P ratio(A less, P more) CH4 production Ruminal pH

Question 34

why is it good for the cow to produce more propionate than acetate

Answer 34

propionate is gluconeogenic and a hydrogen sink, it provides more energy for the cow and causes marbling

Question 35

why does ruminal pH decrease when cow is fed NCHO

Answer 35

VFA production is increased cow spends less time ruminating

Question 36

why is it good for ruminal pH to lower with NCHO

Answer 36

more energy from VFA

Question 37

why is it bad for ruminal pH to lower with NCHO

Answer 37

low pH decreases SCHO carbohydrate digestion since cellulolytic enzymes are sensitive to low pH

Question 38

why does acidosis occur

Answer 38

transition to quickly between SCHO and NCHO/overconsumption of NCHO

Question 39

pH of rumen from acidosis

Answer 39

<5.5

Question 40

what causes NCHO to cause acidosis

Answer 40

build-up of lactate

Question 41

acidosis prevention

Answer 41

adequate SCHO intake slow transition from SCHO to NCHO ionophore(rumensin)

Question 42

how long should you take to transfer from SCHO to NCHO

Answer 42

28 days

Question 43

how does ionophore prevent acidosis

Answer 43

regulates intake: increase # of meals but decreases size selects for more favorable fermentation(produces more propionate)

Question 44

T/F horses can consume rumensin

Answer 44

FALSE