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Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Why can glucose not be absorbed for type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas does not produce insulin

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2
Q

Why can glucose not be absorbed for type 2 diabetes

A

cells ignore insulin signal

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3
Q

what transporter allows glucose into cells

A

GLUT4

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4
Q

what processes does glucagon increase

A

Increase glucogenesis
increase glycogen breakdown

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5
Q

what processes does glucagon decrease

A

protein synthesis
fat synthesis

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6
Q

hydrogen sink definition

A

a molecule where hydrogen is deposited to allow metabolism to continue

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7
Q

what are examples of hydrogen sinks

A

-CH4
-Propionate
-UFAs

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8
Q

how many ATP are used by microbes for each VFA

A

A: 4
P: 1-3
B: 3

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9
Q

How many of each VFA can be synthesized from one glucose molecule

A

A: 2
B: 2
P: 1

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10
Q

how much CO2 is generated from production of each VFA

A

A: 1
B: 0
P: 1.5

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11
Q

how much CH4 is generated from production of each VFA

A

A: 1
P: -0.5
B:0.5

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12
Q

what % of glucose energy is available to animal from each VFA

A

A: 62
B: 109
P: 78

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13
Q

what is the average percentage of each VFA created(equals 100%)

A

A: 60
B: 30
P: 10

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14
Q

what type of feed increases Acetate production

A

SCHO

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15
Q

what type of feed increases propionate production

A

NCHO

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16
Q

uses of acetate

A

energy
SQ/milk fat

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17
Q

uses of propionate

A

energy
marbling
glucogenic

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18
Q

uses of butyrate

A

energy

19
Q

amylolytic bacteria(5)

A

amylase
glucoamylase
maltase
isomaltase
pullulanase

20
Q

2 types of amylolytic amylase and their function

A

endo(a bond)-hydrolyzes randomly throughout starch chain to produce oligiosaccharides
exo(b bond)-hydrolyzes end of starch chain to produce maltose, maltotriose and isomaltose)

21
Q

which amylolytic enzymes have the same function as their mammalian enzyme counterpart

A

glucoamylase
maltase
isomaltase

22
Q

function of pullulanase

A

debranching enzyme, hydrolyze 1,6 bonds

23
Q

cellulolytic bacteria(5)

A

glucanase
cellobiohydralase
cellobiosidase
cellobiase
cellodextranse

24
Q

2 types of glucanase and their functions

A

exoglucanase: hydrolyze one glucose from end of cellulose
endoglucanase: attack inside of cellulose chain to produce olyiosaccharides

25
Q

what enzyme are capable of hydrolyzing structural carbohydrates

A

cellulolytic enzymes

26
Q

where are cellulolytic enzymes stored

A

cellulase complex

27
Q

pH of cellulase complex

A

6.5

28
Q

function of cellobiohydrolase and cellobiosidase

A

produce cellobiose from olyiosaccharides

29
Q

function of cellobiase

A

produce 2 glucose from cellobiose

30
Q

cellodextranase

A

cleave glucose from cellulose

31
Q

T/F NCHO is more digestible than SCHO

A

TRUE

32
Q

what ruminal product(s)increases when a cow is fed NCHO

A

VFA
MCP
MPL

33
Q

what ruminal product/characteristic(s)decreases when cow is fed NCHO

A

A:P ratio(A less, P more)
CH4 production
Ruminal pH

34
Q

why is it good for the cow to produce more propionate than acetate

A

propionate is gluconeogenic and a hydrogen sink, it provides more energy for the cow and causes marbling

35
Q

why does ruminal pH decrease when cow is fed NCHO

A

VFA production is increased
cow spends less time ruminating

36
Q

why is it good for ruminal pH to lower with NCHO

A

more energy from VFA

37
Q

why is it bad for ruminal pH to lower with NCHO

A

low pH decreases SCHO carbohydrate digestion since cellulolytic enzymes are sensitive to low pH

38
Q

why does acidosis occur

A

transition to quickly between SCHO and NCHO/overconsumption of NCHO

39
Q

pH of rumen from acidosis

A

<5.5

40
Q

what causes NCHO to cause acidosis

A

build-up of lactate

41
Q

acidosis prevention

A

adequate SCHO intake
slow transition from SCHO to NCHO
ionophore(rumensin)

42
Q

how long should you take to transfer from SCHO to NCHO

A

28 days

43
Q

how does ionophore prevent acidosis

A

regulates intake: increase # of meals but decreases size
selects for more favorable fermentation(produces more propionate)

44
Q

T/F horses can consume rumensin

A

FALSE

Nutrition (4 decks)

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