Carbohydrates Flashcards
Why can glucose not be absorbed for type 1 diabetes
Pancreas does not produce insulin
Why can glucose not be absorbed for type 2 diabetes
cells ignore insulin signal
what transporter allows glucose into cells
GLUT4
what processes does glucagon increase
Increase glucogenesis
increase glycogen breakdown
what processes does glucagon decrease
protein synthesis
fat synthesis
hydrogen sink definition
a molecule where hydrogen is deposited to allow metabolism to continue
what are examples of hydrogen sinks
-CH4
-Propionate
-UFAs
how many ATP are used by microbes for each VFA
A: 4
P: 1-3
B: 3
How many of each VFA can be synthesized from one glucose molecule
A: 2
B: 2
P: 1
how much CO2 is generated from production of each VFA
A: 1
B: 0
P: 1.5
how much CH4 is generated from production of each VFA
A: 1
P: -0.5
B:0.5
what % of glucose energy is available to animal from each VFA
A: 62
B: 109
P: 78
what is the average percentage of each VFA created(equals 100%)
A: 60
B: 30
P: 10
what type of feed increases Acetate production
SCHO
what type of feed increases propionate production
NCHO
uses of acetate
energy
SQ/milk fat
uses of propionate
energy
marbling
glucogenic
uses of butyrate
energy
amylolytic bacteria(5)
amylase
glucoamylase
maltase
isomaltase
pullulanase
2 types of amylolytic amylase and their function
endo(a bond)-hydrolyzes randomly throughout starch chain to produce oligiosaccharides
exo(b bond)-hydrolyzes end of starch chain to produce maltose, maltotriose and isomaltose)
which amylolytic enzymes have the same function as their mammalian enzyme counterpart
glucoamylase
maltase
isomaltase
function of pullulanase
debranching enzyme, hydrolyze 1,6 bonds
cellulolytic bacteria(5)
glucanase
cellobiohydralase
cellobiosidase
cellobiase
cellodextranse
2 types of glucanase and their functions
exoglucanase: hydrolyze one glucose from end of cellulose
endoglucanase: attack inside of cellulose chain to produce olyiosaccharides
what enzyme are capable of hydrolyzing structural carbohydrates
cellulolytic enzymes
where are cellulolytic enzymes stored
cellulase complex
pH of cellulase complex
6.5
function of cellobiohydrolase and cellobiosidase
produce cellobiose from olyiosaccharides
function of cellobiase
produce 2 glucose from cellobiose
cellodextranase
cleave glucose from cellulose
T/F NCHO is more digestible than SCHO
TRUE
what ruminal product(s)increases when a cow is fed NCHO
VFA
MCP
MPL
what ruminal product/characteristic(s)decreases when cow is fed NCHO
A:P ratio(A less, P more)
CH4 production
Ruminal pH
why is it good for the cow to produce more propionate than acetate
propionate is gluconeogenic and a hydrogen sink, it provides more energy for the cow and causes marbling
why does ruminal pH decrease when cow is fed NCHO
VFA production is increased
cow spends less time ruminating
why is it good for ruminal pH to lower with NCHO
more energy from VFA
why is it bad for ruminal pH to lower with NCHO
low pH decreases SCHO carbohydrate digestion since cellulolytic enzymes are sensitive to low pH
why does acidosis occur
transition to quickly between SCHO and NCHO/overconsumption of NCHO
pH of rumen from acidosis
<5.5
what causes NCHO to cause acidosis
build-up of lactate
acidosis prevention
adequate SCHO intake
slow transition from SCHO to NCHO
ionophore(rumensin)
how long should you take to transfer from SCHO to NCHO
28 days
how does ionophore prevent acidosis
regulates intake: increase # of meals but decreases size
selects for more favorable fermentation(produces more propionate)
T/F horses can consume rumensin
FALSE
