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Biological molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy source (eg. glucose)
Store of energy (eg. starch and glycogen)
Structural units (eg. cellulose in plants and chitin in insects)

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2
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond formed by two monosaccharides via condensation reaction

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Have a backbone of single bonded carbon atoms, with one double bonded with oxygen to form a carbonyl group

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4
Q

General formula of a monosaccharide

A

(CH2O)n ->where n is a number between 3 and 7

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5
Q

Draw the structure of a beta glucose

A
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6
Q

Draw the structure of a alpha glucose molecule

A
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7
Q

Draw the structure of ribose

A
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8
Q

Draw the structure of deoxyribose

A
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9
Q

Hexose sugars

A

Alpha and beta glucose
have 6 carbon atoms

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10
Q

Pentose sugars

A

ribose and deoxyribose
have 5 carbon atoms

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11
Q

Maltose equation

A

α-glucose + α-glucose

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12
Q

Sucrose equation

A

α-glucose + fructose

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13
Q

Lactose equation

A

α-glucose + β-galactose

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14
Q

Cellobiose equation

A

β-glucose + β-glucose

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15
Q

What happens when the α/β-glucose joins to form disaccharides

A

A condensation reaction occurs to form a glycosidic bond. 2 hydroxyl (-OH) groups line up next to each other and a water molecule is removed, leaving an oxygen atom as a link

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16
Q

How are disaccharides broken into monosaccharides

A

Hydrolysis
Water provides a hydroxyl group (-OH) and hydrogen group (H), helping glycosidic bonds to break

17
Q

Homopolysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides made solely of one type of monosaccharide (eg strach)

18
Q

Heteropolysaccharide

A

Polysaccharides made up of more than one type of monomer (eg hyaluronic acid)

19
Q

Where do plants store energy

A

starch in chloroplasts and membrane bound starch grains

20
Q

where do humans store energy

A

glycogen in liver and muscle cells

21
Q

Why does starch and glycogen act as good stores of monosaccharides

A

-> compact- don’t occupy a large amount of space and are dense
-> hold glucose molecules in chains which can easily be ‘snipped off,’ by hydrolysis for respiration
-> branched (amylose)/unbranched (amylopectin and glycogen) chains- branched chains are more compact so many glucose molecules can be snipped off by hydrolysis when lots of energy is required quickly

22
Q

Structure of Amylose (plants)

long chain of α-glucose molecules with 1,4 glycosidic bonds

A

coils into spiral shape, held in shape by Hydrogen bonds
Hydroxyl groups are placed inside coil, making molecule less soluble

23
Q

Structure of amylopectin (plants)

Glycosidic bonds between carbons 1-4 and additional branches of 1-6 bonds -> alpha glucose

A

Coils into spiral shape held together by hydrogen bonds
Has branches emerging from spiral

24
Q

Structure of Glycogen (animals)

Glycosidic bonds between carbons 1-4, branches formed by 1-6 bonds -> alpha glucose

A

1-4 bonded chain is smaller than amylopectin
less tendency to coil
more branches, more compact
easier to remove monomer units

25
Q

Cellulose

A

Tough, insoluble, fibrous substance
homopolysaccharide made up of long chains of β-glucose molecules, bonded through condensation to form glycosidic bonds

26
Q

Structure of cellulose

A
27
Q

How are cell walls formed

A

60-70 cellulose chains bind to form microfibils, which bundle to form macrofibils with up to 400 microfibils- these are embedded in pectins to form cell walls

28
Q

Why are β-glucose molecules flipped 180 degrees in cellulose chains

A

To prevent the chains from spiralling
allow formation of hydrogen bonds which improves strength and stability

29
Q

Benefits of cellulose for cell walls

A

-> Macrofibils + microfibils have high tensile strength due to (H) bonds between chains +strong glycosidic bonds
-> macrofibils run in all directions, criss-crossing for extra strength
-> Glycosidic bonds are less easy to break
-> space between macrofibils for water and mineral ions to pass through cell makes cell wall fully permeable

30
Q

Cell wall functions

A

-> High tensile strength prevents plant cells from bursting when turgid, protecting the cell membrane
-> Macrofibil structure can be reinforced for extra support/to make the walls waterproof

Biological molecules (2 decks)

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