Carbohydrates

Question 1

a major source of energy
from our diet

composed of the elements C,
H and O

also called saccharides,
which means “sugars”

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

simplest carbohydrates

3 to 6 carbon atoms (typically)

a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)

several hydroxyl groups

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

are monosaccharides with an aldehyde group

with many hydroxyl (—OH)
groups

Answer 3

Aldoses

Question 4

are monosaccharides with a ketone group

with many hydroxyl (—OH)
groups

Answer 4

Ketoses

Question 5

is used to represent carbohydrates

places the most oxidized group at the top

shows chiral carbons as the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines

Answer 5

Fischer projection

Question 6

found in fruits, corn syrup,
and honey

an aldohexose with the
formula C6H12O6

known as blood sugar in
the body

the monosaccharide in
polymers of starch,
cellulose, and glycogen

Answer 6

D-glucose

Question 7

measures blood glucose for
several hours after ingesting glucose

Answer 7

Glucose tolerance test

Question 8

formula C6H12O6

not found free in nature

obtained from lactose, a
disaccharide

a similar structure to
glucose except for the
—OH on C4

Answer 8

D-galactose

Question 9

is a ketohexose with
the formula C6H12O6

is the sweetest
carbohydrate

is found in fruit
juices and honey

is converted to
glucose in the body

Answer 9

D-fructose

Question 10

is a aldopentose

Components of a
variety of complex
molecules such as
RNA and DNA,

Energy-rich
compounds like ATP

Answer 10

D-ribose

Question 11

are the prevalent form of monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms

form when the hydroxyl group on carbon 5 (C5)
reacts with the aldehyde or ketone group

Answer 11

Haworth structures

Question 12

are cyclic hemiacetals

form when the C═O group and the
—OH are part of the same
molecule

of hexoses form when the —OH
on C5 reacts with a C═O group

of a D-isomer place the —CH2OH
of C6 above the ring

Answer 12

Haworth structures

Question 13

is a ketohexose

forms Haworth structures when the —OH on C5 bonds to the C═O on C2

Answer 13

Fructose

Question 14

are monosaccharides with a carbonyl group that oxidizes to give a carboxylic acid

undergo reaction with Benedict’s reagent (Cu2+) to give the corresponding carboxylic acid

include the monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose

Answer 14

Reducing sugars

Question 15

sugar alcohols called

Answer 15

alditols

Question 16

consists of two monosaccharides

Answer 16

Disaccharide

Question 17

a disaccharide is also known as malt sugar

composed of two D-glucose molecules

obtained from the hydrolysis of starch

linked by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond between the

α —OH on C1 of the first glucose and —OH on C4 of the second glucose

used in cereals, candies, and brewing

found in both the α- and β- forms

Answer 17

Maltose

Question 18

is a disaccharide of β-D-galactose and α- or
β-D-glucose

contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond

is found in milk and milk products

is found in both the α- and β- forms

Answer 18

Lactose

Question 19

is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets

consists of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose

has an α,β-1,2-glycosidic bond

Answer 19

Sucrose

Question 20

differ in sweetness

are compared to
sucrose (table sugar),
which is assigned a
value of 100

Answer 20

Sweeteners

Question 21

are polymers of D-glucose

include amylose and
amylopectin, starches made of
α-D-glucose

include glycogen (animal starch
in muscle), which is made of
α-D-glucose

include cellulose (plants and
wood), which is made of
β-D-glucose

Answer 21

Polysaccharides

Question 22

a polymer of α-D-glucose molecules

linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

a continuous (unbranched) chain

Answer 22

Amylose

Question 23

is a polymer of α-D-glucose molecules

is a branched-chain polysaccharide

has α-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the glucose units

has α-1,6 bonds to branches

Answer 23

Amylopectin

Question 24

is the polysaccharide that stores α-D-glucose
in muscle

is similar to amylopectin but is more highly
branched

Answer 24

Glycogen

Question 25

is a polysaccharide of glucose units in unbranched chains

has β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

Answer 25

Cellulose