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Biochem + Metabolism > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses

A

An aldose has and aldehyde group on C1 while a ketose has a keto group on C2

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2
Q

What is a sugar with an amino group called?

A

Amino Sugars

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3
Q

What is starch a polymer of?

A

Glucose

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4
Q

Define glycogen

A

a storage polymer of glucose in animals

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5
Q

Where is glycogen mainly stored?

A

The liver and muscles

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6
Q

What comprises a sugar acid?

A

Terminal carbon has a carboxylic acid (COO-)

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7
Q

What comprises a sugar alcohol?

A

The carbonyl group is reduced to an alcohol group (-OH)

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8
Q

What polymer is comprised of amino sugars and uronic acids?

A

Glucosaminoglycans

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9
Q

Describe the path and significant enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion before entering metabolism in the liver

A

-Mouth: digestive amylase
-Small Intestine: pancreatic alpha amylase breaks down polysaccharides to dia- and monosaccharides
-Brush border of small intestine: enzymes hydrolyze diasaccharides to monosaccharides
-Monosaccharides enter enteric circulation
-Released into portal vein

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10
Q

What are the 3 fates of monosaccharides after digestion?

A

-oxidation into energy
-storage as glycogen
-fatty acid synthesis

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11
Q

What organ is the major regulator of glucose metabolism?

A

the liver

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12
Q

What cells store glycogen but DOES NOT export glucose?

A

muscle cells

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13
Q

What two protein hormones regulate blood glucose concentration?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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14
Q

Where is insulin released from?

A

pancreatic beta cells

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15
Q

Where is glucagon released from?

A

pancreatic alpha cells

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16
Q

What processes does insulin trigger?

A

-Speeds up entry of glucose into cells
-Fatty acid synthesis
-Glycogen synthesis
-Protein synthesis

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17
Q

What processes does glucagon trigger?

A

Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenisis

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18
Q

What transporters allow glucose to enter cells?

A

GLUTs
SGLTs

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19
Q

Which GLUT transporter do liver cells, small intestinal cells, and renal cells have?

A

GLUT 2

20
Q

What GLUT transporter do adipocytes, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells have?

A

GLUT 4

21
Q

What is the difference between GLUT2 and GLUT4 transporteres?

A

GLUT2s are bidirectional and not insulin dependent
GLUT4s are regulated by insulin

22
Q

Once in cells how are glucose molecules kept in the cells? what enzymes perform this function?

A

Phosphorylation

Glucokinase and Hexokinase

23
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of hexokinase?

A

-In most mammalian cells
-Low Km (works efficiently at low glucose concentrations)
-Strongly inhibited by G-6-P
-NOT regulated by insulin

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Glucokinase?

A

-ONLY in liver and pancreatic beta cells
-Higher Km
-NOT inhibited by G-6-P

25
Q

How is glucokinase regualted?

A

Increase of insulin and decrease of glucagon regulate glucokinase transcription

26
Q

How do you get glucose out of a cell?

A

dephosphorylate with Glucose - 6- phosphatase

27
Q

What are the only two organs with Glucose-6-phosphatase?

A

the liver and kidneys

28
Q

How is glucose-6-phophatase regulated?

A

Insulin regulates gene expression

29
Q

Where does glycogen synthesis primarily occur? what part of the cell?

A

the cytosol of muscle and liver cells

30
Q

What is the rate limiting step of glycogen synthesis?

A

Protein phosphatase 1. This activates glycogen synthase

31
Q

What is the rate limiting step of glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase. Shortens chains from branch, releases G-1-P

32
Q

Where can you regulate glycogenolysis?

A

-Activation of glycogen phosphorylase by cAMP second messenger
- Ca2+ messaging, increase in Ca activate phosphorylase kinase, which activates glycogen phosphorylase

33
Q

Define glycogen storage diseases

A

Affect enzymes associated with glycogen synthesis or glycogenolysis depending on the type

34
Q

What is the glycogen storage disease in horses?

A

Polysaccharide storage myopathy
-Affects glycogen synthase causing too much muscle glycogen

35
Q

What part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

36
Q

Where does anaerobic glycolysis mainly occur?

A

-Where quick energy is needed
-Areas w/ limited blood supply
-cells w/out mitochondria

37
Q

What enzymes are you able to regulate glycolysis with?

A

-Hexokinase/glucokinase (inhibited by glucagon)
-Phosphofructokinase 1 (inhibited by ATP)
- Pyruvate kinase (inhibited by ATP and glucagon)

38
Q

What are the 4 different fates of G-6-P?

A
  1. glycolysis
    2.HMS
  2. Uronic acid pathway
  3. glycogen
39
Q

What are the products of HMS? where are they later used?

A

Ribose-5-phosphate (nucleotide and nucleic acid formation)
NADPH (fatty acid synthesis and steroid biosynthesis)

40
Q

What are the two phases of HMS?

A

Oxidative and non oxidative

41
Q

What two products does the uronic acid pathway yield?

A

Ascorbic acid (Vit.C) and UDP-Glucuronate

42
Q

What 6 enzymes are used in glycogen synthesis?

A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase
Protein phosphatase 1
Glycogen synthase
Phosphoglucomutase
UDP pyrophosphorylase
Branching enzyme

43
Q

What 4 enzymes are used in glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase
Debranching enzyme
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose 6 phosphatase

44
Q

What 9 enzymes are used in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase
Phosphohexose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Aldose
Phosphotriose isomerase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate transferase

45
Q

What 4 enzymes are used in the Uronic Acid Pathway?

A

Phosphoglycomutase
UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase
NAD dependent UDP-Glc dehydrogenase
L-Gulonolactone oxidase

Biochem + Metabolism (15 decks)

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