Carbohydrates

Question 1

Lactic acidosis: associated with hypoxia or decreased tissue oxygenation

Answer 1

Type A Lactic Acidosis

Question 2

Lactic acidosis: caused by metabolic disorders such as DM

Answer 2

Type B Lactic Acidosis

Question 3

Glycogen storage diseases: accumulation of glycogen primarily in skeletal muscle

Answer 3

Type II, V & VII

Question 4

Glycogen storage diseases: Liver forms but rarer

Answer 4

Type III & VI

Question 5

Glycogen storage disease: severe liver form with cardiac & skeletal muscle disease

Answer 5

Type IV

Question 6

(1) the size of the base
carbon chain, (2) the location of the CO function group, (3) the number of sugar
units, and (4) the stereochemistry of the compound.

Answer 6

The classification of

carbohydrates is based on four different properties:

Question 7

have the same order and

types of bonds but different spatial arrangements and different properties.

Answer 7

Stereoisomers

Question 8

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler

form.

Answer 8

Monosaccharides

Question 9

formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a

glycosidic linkage.

Answer 9

Disaccharides

Question 10

are the chaining of 2 to 10 sugar units,

Answer 10

Oligosaccharides

Question 11

are formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units.

Answer 11

polysaccharides

Question 12

The most common

nonreducing sugar

Answer 12

sucrose—table sugar

Question 13

The conversion of amino
acids by the liver and other specialized tissue, such as the kidney, to substrates
that can be converted to glucose is called

Answer 13

gluconeogenesis.

Question 14

the process by which

glycogen is converted back to glucose-6-phosphate for entry into the glycolytic pathway.

Answer 14

Glycogenolysis

Question 15

Decomposition of fat

Answer 15

Lipolysis

Question 16

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Answer 16

Glycolysis

Question 17

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

Answer 17

Glycogenesis

Question 18

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Answer 18

Lipogenesis

Question 19

characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily a

result of pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis.

Answer 19

Type 1 diabetes

Question 20

result of cellular-mediated autoimmune
destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of
insulin secretion.

Answer 20

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 21

abrupt onset,

insulin dependence, and ketosis tendency.

Answer 21

type 1 diabetes

Question 22

One or more of the following markers are found in 85% to 90% of
individuals with fasting hyperglycemia:

Answer 22

islet cell autoantibodies, insulin
autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies, and tyrosine
phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B autoantibodies.

Question 23

adult
onset of the disease and milder symptoms, with ketoacidosis
seldom occurring.

Answer 23

type 2 diabetes

Question 24

any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or

first recognition during pregnancy.

Answer 24

GDM

Question 25

As hepatic glucose overproduction | continues, the plasma glucose concentration reaches a plateau around

Answer 25

300 to 500 | mg/dL (17 to 28 mmol/L).

Question 26

This test should be performed in the morning after an overnight fast of between 8 and 14 h, after at least 3 days of unrestricted diet (≥150 g carbohydrate per day) and unlimited physical activity.

Answer 26

OGTT for GDM

Question 27

The revised criteria recommend that all nondiabetic pregnant women should be screened for GDM at _______ weeks of gestation

Answer 27

24 to 28

Question 28

The plasma glucose concentration at which glucagon and other glycemic factors are released is between

Answer 28

65 and 70 mg/dL (3.6 to 3.9 mmol/L)

Question 29

observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appear.

Answer 29

50 to 55 mg/dL (2.8 to | 3.1 mmol/L),

Question 30

(1) hypoglycemic symptoms; (2) plasma glucose concentration is low (<50 mg/dL) when the symptoms are present; and (3) symptoms are relieved by correction of the hypoglycemia when administered glucose or glucagon.

Answer 30

Whipple triad

Question 31

``` Glucose level >/= 25mg/dl Insulin >/= 6uU/mL C-peptide >/= 0.2nmol/L Proinsulin >/=5pmol/L B-hydroxybutyrate =2.7mmol/L ```

Answer 31

Diagnostic criteria for an insulinoma

Question 32

cause of failure to thrive syndrome in infants, is a congenital deficiency of one of three enzymes involved in galactose metabolism, resulting in increased levels of galactose in plasma.

Answer 32

Galactosemia,

Question 33

TRUE/FALSE: The most common enzyme deficiency in Galactosemia is galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

The most common methods of glucose analysis use the enzyme

Answer 34

glucose | oxidase or hexokinase

Question 35

the most specific | enzyme reacting with only β-D-glucose.

Answer 35

Glucose oxidase

Question 36

may be added to the reaction to facilitate the | conversion of α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose.

Answer 36

Mutarotase

Question 37

method is considered more accurate because the coupling reaction using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is highly specific;

Answer 37

hexokinase method

Question 38

not recommended for routine use under the ADA guidelines. This procedure is inconvenient to patients and is not being used by physicians for diagnosing diabetes.

Answer 38

OGTT

Question 39

The adult dose | of glucose solution (Glucola) is

Answer 39

75 g

Question 40

children receive ______ of glucose to a | maximum dose of 75 g.

Answer 40

1.75 g/kg

Question 41

Current ADA guidelines recommend that an HbA1c test be performed at least ___ times a year with patients who are meeting treatment goals and who have stable glycemic control.

Answer 41

2

Question 42

For patients whose therapy has changed or who are | not meeting glycemic goals, a _____ HbA1c test is recommended.

Answer 42

quarterly

Question 43

the HbA1c goal for nonpregnant adults in | general is less than

Answer 43

7%

Question 44

For pediatric populations, the recommended target A1C is less than

Answer 44

7.5%.

Question 45

the preferred method of | measurement for HbA1C

Answer 45

affinity chromatography

Question 46

A common POC instrument | HbA1c assay is based on a

Answer 46

latex immunoagglutination inhibition methodology.

Question 47

TRUE/FALSE: With HPLC, all forms of glycosylated hemoglobin—A1a, A1b, and A1c—can be separated.

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

The historical test that used ferric chloride reacted with acetoacetic acid to produce a red color.

Answer 48

(Gerhardt's)

Question 49

If the reagent | contains ______, then acetone is also detected.

Answer 49

glycerin

Question 50

measurements are useful to assist in diagnosis at an early stage and before the development of proteinuria.

Answer 50

Albuminuria

Question 51

TRUE/FALSE: An early sign that diabetic kidney disease is occurring is an increase in urinary albumin.

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

An ____ assessment of kidney function by the determination of urinary albumin excretion is recommended for diabetic patients.

Answer 52

annual