Carbohydrate metabolism II Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the citric acid cycle inhibited by ATP and NADH but activated by ADP and NAD+?

A

The citric acid cycle is used to produce energy for the cell, so if the cell already has enough energy (ATP and NADH) then it would be a waste to keep producing more. Similarly, if the cell is lacking energy (ADP and NAD+) then it would benefit the cell to start making more energy

For instance, when the metabolic activity of the cell is high, there will be more ADP and NAD+ than ATP and NADH. This tells the cell to activate the citric acid cycle, so it will be able to maintain that high level of activity

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration takes place in the ____ while anaerobic processes (like glycolysis) take place in the _____

A

Mitochondria

Cytosol

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3
Q

The citric acid cycle takes place in the _____

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

The electron transport chain takes place in the ____

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

The electron transport chain generates ATP through the _____ and not the movement of electrons

A

Proton gradient

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6
Q

___ is the final acceptor in the ETC

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

This pathway is the most common way to form acetyl-CoA

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

Besides through glycolysis, acetyl-CoA can be formed in these four ways:

A

FA oxidation (beta oxidation)
AA catabolism
Ketones
Alcohol (although alcohol can inhibit the Krebs cycle, so it normally forms FA’s)

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9
Q

The citric acid cycle yields: __ CO2, __CoA-SH, __ NADH, __H+, __ FADH and __ GTP

A

2 CO2, 1CoA-SH, 3 NADH, 3H+, 1 FADH, 1 GTP (that really becomes ATP)

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10
Q

Including glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, a cell makes an average of __ to __ ATP

A

30-32 ATP

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11
Q

This control point of the citric acid cycle is allosterically inhibited by ATP, citrate, NADH, and succinate

A

Citrate synthase

If there are already many products of the citric acid cycle, more doesn’t need to be produced so the cycle will be stopped before citrate can even form

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12
Q

This control point of the citric acid cycle is inhibited by ATP and NAD+ but activated by ADP and NADH

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

This step is where the first NADH forms, so it makes sense that energy products would be analyzed here to see if more energy is needed or not

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13
Q

This control point of the citric acid cycle is inhibited by ATP, NADH and succinylcholine-CoA and activated by ADP and calcium

A

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

This step is also where NADH forms, so the cell wouldn’t want there to be too much or too little energy

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14
Q

This complex is the only one that doesn’t contribute to the proton motive force. FAD is reduced to FADH2, and CoQ once again becomes CoQH2

A

Complex 2

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15
Q

This complex sees NADH transfer an electron to CoQ, turning it into CoQH2. NADH also becomes NAD+

A

Complex 1

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16
Q

This complex sees CoQ transform into cytochrome c

A

Complex 3

17
Q

This complex sees cytochrome c give an electron to oxygen. Water is also formed

A

Complex 4

18
Q

What is the general purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

To utilize the energy created from the ETC proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

19
Q

Compare and contrast chemiosmotic coupling and conformational coupling

A

Both say that ATP is produced from ADP

Chemiosmotic coupling says that ATP production is direct, in that the energy from F0 is used to directly phosphorylate ADP

Conformational coupling says that ADP phosphorylation is indirect and ATP is released due to a conformational change in the energy gradient

20
Q

Utilized in chemiosmotic coupling, this sector spans the membrane and acts like an ion channel, allowing protons to travel through and back to their gradient. It can then harness that energy to turn ADP into ATP

A

F0

21
Q

Utilized in chemiosmotic coupling, this sector is the portion of ATP synthetase that carries out the phosphorylation of ADP

A

F1

22
Q

___ and ___ are regulators of oxidative phosphorylation

A

O2 and ADP

Low levels of O2 lead to increased levels of FADh and NADH2, which inhibit the Krebs cycle

High levels of ADP lead to more ATP production

23
Q
A