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Biochem 102 > Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms need energy for 3 purposes

A
  1. Mechanical work
  2. Active Transport
  3. Synthesis of macromolecules
  • energy is obtained for the ox. of carbon fuels
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2
Q

Metabolism

A
  • many interconnecting pathways
  • pathways are interdependent
  • coordinated by allosteric enzymes
  • catabolism and anabolism
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3
Q

Catabolism

A

the breaking down of energy rich molecules to yield useful energy (ATP)

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules from building blocks (require ATP)

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4
Q

Principle

A
  • biosynthetic and degradative pathways often have rxns in common
  • regulatory rxns are unique to each pathway
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5
Q

Coupled Rxns

A

For a rxn to occur spontaneously the change in free energy must be negative

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5
Q

What makes a pathway?

A
  • comprised of ind. rxns that are specific (only one product is made from 1 substrate)
  • product of first rxn is substrate for the next rxn
  • entire set of rxns is thermodynamically favourable
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6
Q

What is ATP

A
  • the currency of the cell
  • ATP is a high energy phosphate compound (adenosine triphosphate)
  • G= -30.5 kJ/mol for each of the two terminal phosphate groups
  • energy released can be used to drive unfavourable rxns
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6
Q

Note about delta G

A

delta G not; standard free energy for a rxn
- free energy change under standard conditions
- formation of 1 mole of that substance from component elements at their standard states

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7
Q

Cellular energy is derived from ox. of carbon fuels

A
  • ATP turnover is very high in the cell
  • need constant regeneration of ATP
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7
Q

How do plants capture energy?

A

Capture energy from sun as chemical energy

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8
Q

How do animals get energy?

A
  • Animals and other cells use chemical energy from carbon based fuels
  • Glucose and fats are oxidized to CO2, releasing energy , energy then captured to form ATP
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8
Q

Oxidation

A

the loss of electrons

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9
Q

Redox Rxn

A

Oxidation and Reduction

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10
Q

Activated Carriers

A
  • ATP is an activated carrier of phosphoryl groups
  • Activated Carriers are involved in e- transfer and Carbon transfer
  • aerobic organisms transfer e- to O2
  • fuel molecules transfer e- to special carriers
  • transport via ETC
  • provide e- for anabolic rxns
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10
Q

Activated C Carrier

A
  • Two C fragments (acyl groups) are transferred to CoA to form acetyl-CoA and activated C source
11
Q

Regulation of Metabolism

A
  • complex network of degradation and synthesis pathways that make up metabolism must be highly coordinated
  • nutrient levels must always be monitored and pathways adjusted to homeostasis
  • metabolism must be able to adjust to changes in the environment
12
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • most abundant organic compounds found in nature
  • hydrates of carbon
12
Q

Functions of Carbs

A
  • provide energy in diet
  • provide storage form of energy (glycogen)
  • components of mammalian cell membranes
  • cell wall components in bacteria
  • components of insect exoskeleton
  • comprise cellulose of plants
12
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • simplest sugars
  • can be aldoses or ketoses
13
Q

Aldoses

A

contain an aldehyde

14
Q

Ketoses

A

Contain a ketone

14
Q

Isomerization

A

different placement of atoms in molecules

14
Q

Monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds to form larger molecules

A
  • O-glycosidid bond: bond between sugar and another sugar
    (bond between sugar and serine side chain)
14
Q

Polysacchardies

A

Contain 10 + monosaccharides

14
Q

Oglionucleotides

A

Contain 3-10 monosaccharides

15
Q

Disaccharides

A

Contain two monosaccharides

16
Q

What are glucose storage molecules?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Glucose
16
Q

What is starch

A
  • plant storage molecules
  • have alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • has B-1,4 glycosidic bonds
16
Q

What is glycogen

A
  • mammalian storage molecules
  • have alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
17
Q

Complex Carbs

A
  • carbs that are attached to non-carbohydrate structures by glycosidic bonds
  • sugar participating in the bond is termed a glycosyl residue
18
Q

Digestion of Carbs

A
  • large carbs must be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body
  • digestion begins in mouth w/ salivary a-amylase, then continued in the small intestine by pancreatic a-amylase
18
Q

N- and O-glycosides

A
  • If sugar binds to an amine group its called N-glycoside
  • if sugar binds to an OH group called an O-glycoside
18
Q

How are Disaccharides digested

A

By specific enzymes in the small intestine

Biochem 102 (13 decks)

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