Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry Finals > Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme that breaks down amylose and amylopctin

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amylase will breakdown amylose and amylopectin into?

A

Dextrin and maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

% of starch broken down in the mouth

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mixture of partially digested food and digestive
juices

A

Chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

breaks down dextrin into shorter carbohydrate
chain.

A

Pancreatic Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what enzymes?
1. Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose
2. Maltose → Glucose + Glucose
3. Lactose → Glucose + Galactose

A
  1. Sucrase
  2. Maltase
  3. Lactase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Once broken down into monosaccharides, compounds
are ready to enter bloodstream via facilitated diffusion &
active transport
1. _____→ fructose
2._____→ glucose and galactose

A
  1. Facilitated Diffusion
  2. Active Transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

First organ to receive monosaccharides:

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Liver converts galactose to?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Liver Stores glucose as?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two metabolic pathways of glucose?

A

Glycolysis & pentose phosphate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the process of storing excess glucose
from the bloodstream into the liver and muscles (anabolic)

A

Glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the process of utilizing the stored
glucose, in response to demand for glucose in certain
tissues (catabolic)

A

Glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sourcing carbohydrate from noncarbohydrate compounds by a series of metabolic
pathways; the process that transforms non-carbohydrate
substrates (such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose

A

Gluconeogenisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

First stage of glucose metabolism.

A

GLYCOLYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glycolysis takes place where?

A

cytoplasm/cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

two phases of glycolysis

A
  1. phosphorylation/priming phase
  2. energy yielding phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

conversion of two molecules glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate; 2 ATPs are used to prime these reactions

A

phosphorylation of
glucose/Priming phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Formation of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate and coupled
formation of 4 molecules of ATP

A

ENERGY-YIELDING Phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In all these reactions, the conversion of glucose to product is

A

Oxidation Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when NAD+ is converted to NADH.

reduction or oxidation?

A

reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Net Reaction: of glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 steps of priming phase:

A

Phosphorylation
Isomerization
Phosphorylation
Cleavage
Isomerization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

5 steps of energy yielding phase

A

Oxidation (and phosphorylation)
Transfer of a phosphate group
Isomerization
Dehydration
Transfer of phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

reaction involved in step 1: phosphorylation

A

Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

reaction involved in step 2: isomerization

A

Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

reaction involved in step 3: Phosphorylation

A

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

reaction involved in step 4: cleavage

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

reaction involved in step 5: isomerization

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

30
Q

reaction invloved in step 6: oxidation

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + Pi → NADH + 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + H+

31
Q

reaction involved in step 7: transfer of phosphate group

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP → 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

32
Q

reaction involved in step 8: isomerization

A

3-phosphoglycerate → 2-phosphoglycerate

33
Q

reaction involved in step 9: Dehydration

A

2-phosphoglycerate → phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O

34
Q

reaction involved in step 10: Transfer of phosphate group

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP

35
Q

enzymes involved in glycolysis

A

Hexokinase/Glucokinase
Glucose phosphate isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Aldolase
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Enolase
Pyruvate Kinase

36
Q

an NADH-linked
dehydrogenase that catalyzes
the conversion of pyruvate to
lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

37
Q

Glucokinase: is found where?

A

liver

38
Q

what is hexokinase?

A

general enzyme that attaches phosphate to
any hexose molecule

39
Q

Possible Fates of Pyruvate in Glycolysis:

A

Aerobic metabolism: pyruvate loses CO2 then forms acetyl-CoA
Anaerobic metabolism: Pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde
Fermentation: Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol
Anaerobic glycolysis: Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid

40
Q

pathway of glucose metabolism that is not for the production of energy.

A

Pentose-Phosphate Pathway

41
Q

Important for the production of
pentoses

A

Pentose-Phosphate Pathway

42
Q

important for the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH),

A

Pentose-Phosphate Pathway

43
Q

what is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

A

a coenzyme critical in the biosynthesis of lipids.

44
Q

what First reaction of Pentose-Phosphate Pathway and its enzyme?

A

(Glucose-6-phosphate to 6-Phosphogluconate)
enzyme: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

45
Q

2nd reaction of (PPT) and its enzyme?

A

(6-Phosphogluconate to Ribulose-5-phosphate)
enzyme: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

46
Q

the first and 2nd reactions of PPT are? oxidative or nonoxidative?

A

oxidative

47
Q

the remaning reactions of PPT are? oxidative or non oxidative?

A

nonoxidative

48
Q

two different reactions in which ribulose-5-phosphate isomerizes are catalyzed by?

A

phosphopentose-3-epimerase and phosphopentose isomerase

49
Q

in the reaction that is catalyzed by phosphopentose-3-epimerase; what is produced?

A

xylulose-5- phosphate,

50
Q

in the reaction that is catalyzed phosphopentose isomerase; what is produced?

A

ribose-5-phosphate.

51
Q

it is a necessary building block for
the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and
coenzymes such as NADH.

A

ribose-5-phosphate.

52
Q

In PPT what are the Two enzymes that are responsible for the re shuffling of the carbon atoms of sugars such as ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5- phosphate in the remainder of the pathway, which consists of three reactions.

A

tansketolase and transaldolase

53
Q

Formation of glycogen from excessive glucose in the
bloodstream

A

GLYCOGENESIS

54
Q

Glycogen synthesis is primed by

A

glycogenin

55
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate reacts with UTP to yield?

A

UDP-glucose

56
Q

Continuous addition of UDPG to a growing chain. Each step involves formation of a new

A

α(1→4) glycosidic linkage.

57
Q

At about 8th residue during glycogenisis what takes over in catalyzing the synthesis of glycogen

A

glycogen synthase

58
Q

At about 12th residue, a _______ catalyzes the attachment of a glucose oligosaccharide through an α(1→6) glycosidic linkage.

A

branching enzyme

59
Q

the Release of liver glycogen store is triggered by low blood glucose levels.

A

Glycogenolysis

60
Q

In the first reaction, each glucose residue cleaved
from glycogen reacts with phosphate to give?
what is the enzyme?

A

glucose-1-phosphate.
enzyme: Glycogen phosphorylase

61
Q

In the second reaction, glucose-1-phosphate is
isomerized to give?
what is the enzyme?

A

glucose-6-phosphate
enzyme: Phosphoglucomutase

62
Q

Not the reverse of glycolysis

A

GLUCONEOGENESIS

63
Q

it is an important intermediate between citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and gluconeogenesis

A

Oxaloacetate

64
Q

reversible reactions that differs glycolysis and gluconeogenisis

A
  1. Production of pyruvate from phophoenolpyruvate
  2. Production of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate from fructose-6-phosphate
  3. Production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose
65
Q

Why must oxaloacetate be converted to malate?

A

because oxaloacetate cannot leave the mitochondrion.

66
Q

before leaving the mitochondrion oxaloacetate reduces to?

A

malate

67
Q

Fructose, upon reaching the liver, undergoes

A

fructolysis.

68
Q

Galactose, on the other hand, undergoes _____ to become glucose-6-phosphate

A

leloir pathway

69
Q

Condition in which blood glucose
levels are too high due to absence (or
low levels) of insulin or insensitivity
to the hormone.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

70
Q

Inherited disorder that prevents the
processing of galactose, resulting to
the build-up of the compound and
can cause serious complications in
the body.

A

Galactosemia

71
Q

Aka Von Gierke’s disease, it affects
the ability of the body to release
glucose from glycogen stores, with
affected people prone to
hypoglycemia.

A

Type I Glycogen
Storage Disorder

72
Q

Rare, inherited, and often fatal
disorder that disables heart and
skeletal muscles caused by
mutations in the gene that produce
acid alpha glucosidase, an enzyme
similar to a debranching enzyme, but
in muscle cells.

A

Pompe Disease

Biochemistry Finals (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions