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Biochemistry Finals > CAD,ETC,OXID PHOS > Flashcards

CAD,ETC,OXID PHOS Flashcards

1
Q

is one of the important aspects of
aerobic metabolism (the first step).

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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2
Q

Citric acid cycle is amphibolic because?

A

plays a role in catabolism and anabolism

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3
Q

two names of Citric acid cycle?

A
  1. Krebs Cycle
  2. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
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4
Q

where does the citric acid cycle takes place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

Pyruvate moves from the cytosol into the mitochondrion
via a specific transporter (enzyme complex) present
along the outer mitochondrial membrane

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

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6
Q

– an enzyme system
found inside the transporter, responsible for the (1)
conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and the (2) attachment of
the acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

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7
Q

5 enzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

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8
Q

Enzymes Directly involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Enzymes that Control PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

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10
Q

8 Steps in Citric Acid Cycle?
hint: Cindy Is Kinky So She Fantazises More Often

A
  1. Citrate
  2. D-isocitrate
  3. α-ketoglutarate
  4. Succinyl-CoA
  5. Succinate
  6. Fumarate
  7. Malate
  8. Oxaloacetate
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11
Q

Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate + H2O
→ Citrate + CoA-SH

A

Citrate

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12
Q

Citrate → Isocitrate

A

D-isocitrate

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13
Q

Isocitrate + NAD+ → α-ketoglutarate
+ NADH + CO2 + H+

A

a-ketoglutarate

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14
Q

α-ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoA-SH →
Succinyl-CoA + NADH + CO2

A

succinyl-CoA

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15
Q

Succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi →
Succinate + GTP + CoA-SH

A

succinate

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16
Q

Succinate + FAD → Fumarate +
FADH2

A

fumarate

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17
Q

Fumarate + H2O → L-Malate

A

Malate

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18
Q

L-Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate +
NADH + H+

A

Oxaloacetate

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19
Q

Enzymes:
1. Citrate
2. D-isocitrate
3. α-ketoglutarate
4. Succinyl-CoA
5. Succinate
6. Fumarate
7. Malate
8. Oxaloacetate

A

1.Citrate synthase
2.Aconitase
3.Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4.α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase
6. Succinate dehydrogenase
7. Fumarase
8. Malate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Citric acid cycle itself is

A

Exergonic (but not all)

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21
Q

oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate is

A

endergonic

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22
Q

citric acid cycle can be inhibited if?

A

If there is high concentration of ATP and NADH,

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23
Q

allosteric inhibitors of the enzymes of
pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

A

Acetyl CoA, ATP & NADH via: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase & pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

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24
Q

Acetyl-CoA → Citrate can be inhibited by?

A

ATP, NADH, succinyl-CoA, & citrate

25
Q

Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate can be inhibited by?

A

ATP, NADH

26
Q

Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate can be stimulated by?

A

ADP and NAD+

27
Q

α-Ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA can be inhibited by?

A

ATP, NADH, & succinyl-CoA

28
Q

A reaction that replenishes a citric acid cycle intermediate is called an

A

anaplerotic reaction.

29
Q

It Utilizes oxygen; a highly efficient way for an organism to
extract energy from nutrients

A

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

30
Q

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN occurs in?

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane

31
Q

involves a series of transfer of
electrons from coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) to the final
electron acceptor, oxygen

A

Electron transport chain

32
Q

involves the production of ATP, H2O &
CO2

A

Electron Transport Chain

33
Q

The operation of the electron transport chain leads to
pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a

A

pH gradient also known as proton gradient

34
Q

what is complex 1?

A

NADH-CoQ OXIDOREDUCTASE

35
Q

transfers the electrons
from NADH to CoQ (Coenzyme Q)

A

NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase

36
Q

COMPLEX II?

A

SUCCINATE-CoQ OXIDOREDUCTASE

37
Q

transfers the electrons
from succinate (in the form of FADH2) to CoQ

A

Succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase

38
Q

COMPLEX III?

A

CoQH2-CYTOCHROME C
OXIDOREDUCTASE (CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE)

39
Q

(also known simply as Cytochrome Reductase) – catalyzes the
oxidation [electron receiving] of reduced CoQH2. Then
passes the electron to Cytochrom C in a multistep
process.

A

CoQH2-Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

40
Q

CoQ exists in three forms:

A

(1) Oxidized: CoQ
(2) Reduced: CoQH2 [hydroquinone]
(3) Intermediate: CoQH- [semiquinone]

41
Q

COMPLEX IV?

A

CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE

42
Q

catalyzes the transfer of
electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen

A

Cytochrome C Oxidase

43
Q

Addition of phosphate group to existing ADP molecules
in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

44
Q

forms ATP through an enzyme powered by the
chemical gradient (proton gradient) of the
mitochondria

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

45
Q

Coupling factor that links oxidation and phosphorylation,
and enzyme known as

A

ATP synthase

46
Q

the enzyme responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria

A

ATP synthase

47
Q

the stator of the motor in atp synthase?

A

a, b, α, β, and δ subunits

48
Q

form the rotor in atp synthase?

A

c, γ, and ε subunits

49
Q

TWO PROPOSED MECHANISM OF COUPLING

A

Chemiosmotic coupling & Conformational coupling

50
Q

involves the establishment of proton gradients. The difference in the concentration of
hydrogen drives the ATP synthase to turn, thus fueling the rotation of the enzyme

A

Chemiosmotic coupling:

51
Q

the proton gradient is indirectly related to ATP production; proton gradient leads to conformational changes in ATP thereby releasing the tightly bound ATP from the synthase

A

Conformational coupling:

52
Q

uses the presence of the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane by an
FAD-dependent enzyme that oxidizes glycerol phosphate.

A

glycerol-phosphate shuttle

53
Q

The glycerol phosphate is produced by the

A

reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate;

54
Q

a mechanism for transferring electrons from NADH in the cytosol to
FADH2 in the mitochondrion

A

glycerol–phosphate shuttle

55
Q

A more complex and more efficient shuttle mechanism is
the malate–aspartate shuttle, which has been found in
mammalian kidney, liver, and heart.

A

MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE

56
Q

transfer of electrons from NADH in the cy tosol
produces NADH in the mitochondrion.

A

MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE

57
Q

a mechanism for transferring electrons from NADH in the cytosol to NADH in the
mitochondrion

A

malate-aspartate shuttle

58
Q

Net yield: (glycerol-phosphate = HOW MANY ATP?

A

30 ATP

59
Q

Net yield: malate aspartatte shuttle = how many atp?

A

32 ATP

Biochemistry Finals (4 decks)

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