CAD,ETC,OXID PHOS

Question 1

is one of the important aspects of
aerobic metabolism (the first step).

Answer 1

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 2

Citric acid cycle is amphibolic because?

Answer 2

plays a role in catabolism and anabolism

Question 3

two names of Citric acid cycle?

Answer 3

1. Krebs Cycle
2. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

Question 4

where does the citric acid cycle takes place?

Answer 4

mitochondrial matrix

Question 5

Pyruvate moves from the cytosol into the mitochondrion
via a specific transporter (enzyme complex) present
along the outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 5

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Question 6

– an enzyme system
found inside the transporter, responsible for the (1)
conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and the (2) attachment of
the acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA

Answer 6

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Question 7

5 enzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

Answer 7

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

Question 8

Enzymes Directly involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Answer 8

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

Question 9

Enzymes that Control PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

Answer 9

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

Question 10

8 Steps in Citric Acid Cycle?
hint: Cindy Is Kinky So She Fantazises More Often

Answer 10

1. Citrate
2. D-isocitrate
3. α-ketoglutarate
4. Succinyl-CoA
5. Succinate
6. Fumarate
7. Malate
8. Oxaloacetate

Question 11

Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate + H2O
→ Citrate + CoA-SH

Answer 11

Citrate

Question 12

Citrate → Isocitrate

Answer 12

D-isocitrate

Question 13

Isocitrate + NAD+ → α-ketoglutarate
+ NADH + CO2 + H+

Answer 13

a-ketoglutarate

Question 14

α-ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoA-SH →
Succinyl-CoA + NADH + CO2

Answer 14

succinyl-CoA

Question 15

Succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi →
Succinate + GTP + CoA-SH

Answer 15

succinate

Question 16

Succinate + FAD → Fumarate +
FADH2

Answer 16

fumarate

Question 17

Fumarate + H2O → L-Malate

Answer 17

Malate

Question 18

L-Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate +
NADH + H+

Answer 18

Oxaloacetate

Question 19

Enzymes:
1. Citrate
2. D-isocitrate
3. α-ketoglutarate
4. Succinyl-CoA
5. Succinate
6. Fumarate
7. Malate
8. Oxaloacetate

Answer 19

1.Citrate synthase
2.Aconitase
3.Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4.α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase
6. Succinate dehydrogenase
7. Fumarase
8. Malate dehydrogenase

Question 20

Citric acid cycle itself is

Answer 20

Exergonic (but not all)

Question 21

oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate is

Answer 21

endergonic

Question 22

citric acid cycle can be inhibited if?

Answer 22

If there is high concentration of ATP and NADH,

Question 23

allosteric inhibitors of the enzymes of
pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

Answer 23

Acetyl CoA, ATP & NADH via: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase & pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Question 24

Acetyl-CoA → Citrate can be inhibited by?

Answer 24

ATP, NADH, succinyl-CoA, & citrate

Question 25

Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate can be inhibited by?

Answer 25

ATP, NADH

Question 26

Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate can be stimulated by?

Answer 26

ADP and NAD+

Question 27

α-Ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA can be inhibited by?

Answer 27

ATP, NADH, & succinyl-CoA

Question 28

A reaction that replenishes a citric acid cycle intermediate is called an

Answer 28

anaplerotic reaction.

Question 29

It Utilizes oxygen; a highly efficient way for an organism to extract energy from nutrients

Answer 29

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Question 30

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN occurs in?

Answer 30

the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 31

involves a series of transfer of electrons from coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) to the final electron acceptor, oxygen

Answer 31

Electron transport chain

Question 32

involves the production of ATP, H2O & CO2

Answer 32

Electron Transport Chain

Question 33

The operation of the electron transport chain leads to pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a

Answer 33

pH gradient also known as proton gradient

Question 34

what is complex 1?

Answer 34

NADH-CoQ OXIDOREDUCTASE

Question 35

transfers the electrons from NADH to CoQ (Coenzyme Q)

Answer 35

NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase

Question 36

COMPLEX II?

Answer 36

SUCCINATE-CoQ OXIDOREDUCTASE

Question 37

transfers the electrons from succinate (in the form of FADH2) to CoQ

Answer 37

Succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase

Question 38

COMPLEX III?

Answer 38

CoQH2-CYTOCHROME C OXIDOREDUCTASE (CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE)

Question 39

(also known simply as Cytochrome Reductase) – catalyzes the oxidation [electron receiving] of reduced CoQH2. Then passes the electron to Cytochrom C in a multistep process.

Answer 39

CoQH2-Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

Question 40

CoQ exists in three forms:

Answer 40

(1) Oxidized: CoQ (2) Reduced: CoQH2 [hydroquinone] (3) Intermediate: CoQH- [semiquinone]

Question 41

COMPLEX IV?

Answer 41

CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE

Question 42

catalyzes the transfer of electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen

Answer 42

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Question 43

Addition of phosphate group to existing ADP molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 43

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Question 44

forms ATP through an enzyme powered by the chemical gradient (proton gradient) of the mitochondria

Answer 44

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Question 45

Coupling factor that links oxidation and phosphorylation, and enzyme known as

Answer 45

ATP synthase

Question 46

the enzyme responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria

Answer 46

ATP synthase

Question 47

the stator of the motor in atp synthase?

Answer 47

a, b, α, β, and δ subunits

Question 48

form the rotor in atp synthase?

Answer 48

c, γ, and ε subunits

Question 49

TWO PROPOSED MECHANISM OF COUPLING

Answer 49

Chemiosmotic coupling & Conformational coupling

Question 50

involves the establishment of proton gradients. The difference in the concentration of hydrogen drives the ATP synthase to turn, thus fueling the rotation of the enzyme

Answer 50

Chemiosmotic coupling:

Question 51

the proton gradient is indirectly related to ATP production; proton gradient leads to conformational changes in ATP thereby releasing the tightly bound ATP from the synthase

Answer 51

Conformational coupling:

Question 52

uses the presence of the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane by an FAD-dependent enzyme that oxidizes glycerol phosphate.

Answer 52

glycerol-phosphate shuttle

Question 53

The glycerol phosphate is produced by the

Answer 53

reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate;

Question 54

a mechanism for transferring electrons from NADH in the cytosol to FADH2 in the mitochondrion

Answer 54

glycerol–phosphate shuttle

Question 55

A more complex and more efficient shuttle mechanism is the malate–aspartate shuttle, which has been found in mammalian kidney, liver, and heart.

Answer 55

MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE

Question 56

transfer of electrons from NADH in the cy tosol produces NADH in the mitochondrion.

Answer 56

MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE

Question 57

a mechanism for transferring electrons from NADH in the cytosol to NADH in the mitochondrion

Answer 57

malate-aspartate shuttle

Question 58

Net yield: (glycerol-phosphate = HOW MANY ATP?

Answer 58

30 ATP

Question 59

Net yield: malate aspartatte shuttle = how many atp?

Answer 59

32 ATP