capstone 4th quarter Flashcards
1
Q
The information you collect, study,
or process, whether they are from field
studies or laboratory experiments are called
A
data`
2
Q
data are classified as
A
(1) qualitative
(2) quantitative
3
Q
which are descriptive and unstructured, and
A
(1) qualitative
4
Q
which are measurable
and analyzed using statistical tools
A
(2) quantitative
5
Q
The three standard methods of collecting data:
A
observation,
experiment,
survey
6
Q
The researcher
observes and measures the characteristics of
the subjects without applying any treatment.
A
Observational Data.
7
Q
types of observation
A
Participant Observation
Non-participant Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Simulation
8
Q
The researcher takes an active part of the group
without the knowledge of the rest of the group.
A
Participant Observation
9
Q
The researcherpassively observes** the test
group from a distance by not participating in their
activities.
A
Non-participant Observation
10
Q
The researcher observes the behavior of the test
group in a natural environment and not in a
laboratory setting.
A
Naturalistic Observation
11
Q
The researcher observes the behavior of the test
group in a natural environment and not in a
laboratory setting.
A
Naturalistic Observation
12
Q
mathematical, physical,
or computer models are used to imitate the
conditions of a process or situation.
A
Simulation
13
Q
are collected from
the experimental study that involves taking
measurements in a controlled setting.
A
Experimental Data
14
Q
are collected from
the experimental study that involves taking
measurements in a controlled setting.
A
Experimental Data
15
Q
is the
one that is manipulated by the researcher,
A
independent
16
Q
is the one likely
to change in response to the independent
variable.
A
dependent
17
Q
is the one likely
to change in response to the independent
variable.
A
dependent
18
Q
The remaining variables that stay
constant all throughout the experiment is
called
A
controlled
19
Q
The data collected from the
experiments are called
A
raw data
20
Q
There
are two ways of analyzing data:
A
- Descriptive Statistics
- Inferential Statistics
21
Q
gives information that describe the data for the
entire group. It summarizes or displays facts that are already known. It is
often presented as graph, chart, or table.
Example: A teacher gets the average, or mean scores, of the whole class in
an examination.
A
Descriptive Statistics
22
Q
compares groups, test hypothesis, and makes
predictions about a population. It gathers a sample that is randomly selected.
A
- Inferential Statistics
23
Q
The purpose of the analysis
A
is to describe
and summarize the data, identify relationships between variables, compare variables,
determine the difference between variables, and forecast outcomes.
24
Q
Description or labels without logical order; may be
recorded as text or be assigned with a numerical
code.
A
nominal
25
Measurements **arranged in order**, but intervals in
between variables are not equal.
ordinal
26
These variables
can be measured and are either discrete or
continuous.data** have an absolute zero point.**
Ratio
27
do not have a true zero point,
interval
28
number of observation within a given interval
frequency distribution
29
the proportion of observation within a given interval
percentage
30
the average within a rannge of values
mean
31
central value within a range of values
median
32
shows the degree to which a response varies from a mean
standard deviation
33
association bet, 2 variables
spearman rank correlation
34
association bet 2 variables, normal distribution
pearson correlation
35
2 groups, 2 treatments normal distribution. Interval data
t test
36
2 groups, multiple treatments normal distribution. nominal data
chi-square
37
multiple groups, multiple treatments
ANOVA
38
Interpretation of Results
1. Interpretation of Results
2. Methods must be correctly executed to give accurate results.
3. Do not ignore the limitations imposed by a certain method.
4. Talk to your mentor or science adviser.
39
is a condensed form of the results/findings of a study being
undertaken by the researchers.
Summary
40
is the section that addresses the value or implication of the study.
It is related to the introduction and should answer the statement of the problem in
sequence. It is the part whether the study supports or refutes a hypothesis.
Conclusion
41
section that contains the future directions of the study or
proposes new concepts for further study. It is based on the conclusion.
Recommendation
42
Guidelines in Writing the Summary of Findings.
1. There should be a brief statement about the main purpose of the study, the
population and respondents, the period of study, method of research used,
the research instrument, and sampling design. There should be no
explanations made.
2. The findings may be lumped up all together, but clarity demands that each
specific question under the statement of the problem must be written first to
be followed by the findings that would answer it.
3. The findings should be textual generalizations that is summary of the
important data consisting of text and numbers.
4. Highlight only important findings in the summary, esp. which conclusions
will be based.
5. No new data should be introduced in the summary of findings.
43
Guidelines in Writing Conclusions
1. No conclusion should be made that are not based on the findings.
2. Conclusion should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the
beginning of the investigation.
3. Should point out factually learned from the inquiry.
4. Should be concise, brief, short yet has the necessary information needed in
the questions raised.
5. Refers only to the population, area, or subject of the study.
6. Should not be in repetition.
44
Here are some suggestions on strategies for writing effective conclusion:
1. Conclusion are intertwined with the introduction.
2. Conclusions are inferences and generalizations based upon the
findings.
3. Conclusions should specifically answer the questions posed in the
“Statement of the problem” of your study.
4. Conclusions should contain facts or actual results from the inquiry or
research study.
45
Guidelines in Writing the Recommendations.
1. Recommendation should aim to solve or help solve problems.
2. Recommendations for things not discussed in the study is irrelevant.
3. Should be feasible, practical, and attainable.
4. Should be logical and valid.
5. Recommendations should address to the persons, entities, agencies, or
offices who or which are able to implement them.
6. There should be recommendations for further research on the same topic in
other places to verify, amplify, or negate the findings of the study.
46
is the first page of your research paper. It shows the title of the study,
the names of the authors, and the name of the institution where the authors are
affiliated.
title page
47
is where gratitude is extended to certain individuals who
provided technical help on your paper.
acknowledgement
48
should be written in past tense, it is the short background of the study,
objectives of the research, the methods used, the significant findings or results, and
the conclusion.
Abstract
49
tells about what the study is all about, studies related that led you
to the current problem, why the study must be done, and significance of the study.
introduction
50
of the study is the overview of the research.
background
51
gives an overview of the main problem/idea and the
methods used to solve the problem.
SOP
52
specifies and explains the aim of the study.
Objectives of the study
53
are the contribution of the study or its potential
benefits to the society.
Significance of the study
54
describe the coverage and boundaries of the study.
Scope and delimitation
55
can be conceptual and operational. Conceptual are taken
from a dictionary, book, encyclopedia among others and Operational is related to how
it is used in the study.
Definition of terms
56
it serves as a boost to make the study
established and coherent.
Review of Related Literature
57
describes how the data were gathered to fulfill the
objectives of the study.
Research methodology
58
is it qualitative or quantitative? It can also be exploratory,
descriptive, and even explanatory research.
Research design
59
are the expected outcomes of the research.
results
60
is the explanation of the results of the study and how they are
related to past findings and study.
Discussions
61
is a condensed form of the results and findings.
summary
62
addresses the value or implication of your study.
concclusion
63
section contains the future directions of the study or
proposes new concepts for further study.
reccomendation
64
section contains the future directions of the study or
proposes new concepts for further study.
reccomendation
65
is a list of all sources cited in the paper.
reference
66
is the section that includes the extra figures or tables essential to
your results, documents such as permits, letters, photos (be sure not to invade
privacy), certifications, raw data, and any other information like computations.
appenndices
67
examination is sometimes required from students to support
their presentation.
oral defense
68
Before the Presentation
1. Begin the preparation by knowing the preliminary details of the oral defense
such as:
➢ The date and time of presentation.
➢ The duration of the presentation and the question-and answer portion.
➢ The size and location of the room.
➢ The availability of computer or projector facilities.
➢ Since it is pandemic, ask your advisers and panelists what platform they
would like you to use for their comfortability and accessibility.
2. Take down notes, in a form of script and practice with your groupmates.
3. Practice several times.
4. Master each slide and explain them well with the panel and audience.
5. You may memorize for a smooth flowing idea. You must understand your study
that you can answer questions of any form.
6. Anticipate possible questions and brainstorm this with your groupmates.
69
Be aware that there are criteria that panelists might score you, these are as
follows.
1. Composition and clarity of the population.
2. Delivery of the oral presentation.
3. Logical sequence of ideas
4. Mastery of the subject matter
5. Visuals used.
70
During the Presentation
1. Dress appropriately for the occasion.
2. Breathe deeply and compose yourself.
3. Present only the necessary slides, texts, or pictures to emphasize relevant
points.
4. Hold your head up. Look around and make eye contact to the audience. Be
confident but not too much that it may irritate the panelist. Learn to pause, slow
down and give emphasis as needed.
5. Speak slowly, clearly, and audibly.
6. Make it interesting all throughout.
7. Have the connection with the audience.
8. Learn to summarize and simplify your presentation that it will not cause
boredom.
9. You should have a positive disposition and the presentation must leave a
mark/impact to all.
71
After the Presentation
1. Answer the questions as briefly as possible.
2. Be honest.
3. Avoid arguing with the panel and audience. Persuade through facts from your
study without hurting anyone’s feelings.
72
prepares the researcher for all the eventualities during the conduct of the study.
careful planning
73
is a series of procedures that the researcher will use in conducting the experiment.
The main purpose of this simplified method is to allow the mind to focus solely on the tasks at hand.
protocol
74
On Obtaining the Necessary Materials
it is recommended to **note all the materials needed in the experiment before gathering them**. Alternatives can be done if materials are unavailable, rare, or high cost. In surveys, the questionnaires or interview guides must be photocopied corresponding to the number of samples or respondents.
75
SAFETY CHECK
1. Know the importance of safety- Take all necessary precautions to ensure safety.
2. Know what to do incase of accidents (research about the materials and chemicals you are handling and common first aid).
3. Dress appropriately. (gloves, masks, lab gown, hair net) to lessen exposure, risk of being infected.
4. Do not taste or smell chemicals. (contaminants).
5. Dispose waste properly.
76
Recording through Log books
Accurate collection and recording of data are crucial components in doing a research. The availability of these data are necessary when a researcher tries to verify and defend the processes and outcome of the research. These data can also be useful for government proceedings and business even after the publication of the results.
77
To create a good documentation, the records should be:
1. Accurate, complete, and reliable- all recorded data must always reflect every statistics, facts, and results as truthful and accurate as possible.
2. Recognizable and retrieval when required- The data should be easily recognized and identified by all the researchers involved, even if taken years before
3. Safe and secured- All information should be recorded in a way that is protected from damage. (back up-soft and hard copy).
4. Ethically written and compliant to legal obligations
78
is any manuscript or file that documents all the steps and notes that the researcher did in the entire duration of the research
logbook
79
What are the good habits of a researcher?
1. Always organize and plan.
2. Always take down notes.
3. Set priorities and avoid distractions
4. Expect the unexpected.
5. Accept setbacks
6. Know when to move on.
7. Learning is the goal.
