Capitulo 5 - Training Flashcards

1. Link training programs to organizational needs. 2. Assess the need for training. 3. Assess employees' readiness for training. 4. Plan an effective training program. 5. Compare widely used training methods. 6. Implement and evaluate a successful training program. 7. Describe training methods for employee orientation and diversity management.

1
Q

What is training?

A

An organisation’s planned efforts to help employees acquire job-related knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviours, with the goal of applying these on the job.
Training can benefit the organization when it is linked to organisational needs and motivates employees.

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2
Q

Why is training related to organisational needs?

A
  • Nature of today’s business environment makes training important.
  • Rapid change requires that employees continually learn new skills.
  • Growing reliance on teamwork creates a demand for the ability to solve problems in teams, an ability that often requires formal training.
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3
Q

What is instructional design?

A

Process of systematically developing training to meet specified needs.
An effective training program is designed to teach skills and behaviours that will help the organization achieve its goals.
HR professionals approach training through instructional design.

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4
Q

What is the learning management systems (LMS)?

A

A computer application that automates the administration, development, and delivery of training programs.

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5
Q

What is LMS used for?

A

LMS is used to carry out instructional design process more efficiently and effectively.

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6
Q

What can LMS be linked to?

A

LMS can be linked to the organization’s performance management system to plan for and manage:
- Training needs
- Training outcomes
- Associated rewards

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7
Q

What are needs assessment?

A

Process of evaluating the organization, individual employees, and employees’ tasks to determine what kinds of training, if any, are necessary.

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8
Q

What are the three questions that needs assessment answer?

A
  1. Organization: What is the context in which training will occur?
    R.:
    Organization analysis looks at training needs in the light of:
    - The organization’s strategy
    - Resources available for training
    - Management’s support for training activities.
  2. Person: who needs training?
  3. Task: What subjects should training cover?
    R.:
    - Job’s equipment and environment
    - Time constraints
    - Safety considerations
    - Performance standards
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9
Q

What is readiness for training?

A

A combination of employee characteristics and positive work environment that permit training.
Necessary employee characteristics:
- Ability to learn subject matter
- Favorable attitudes toward training
- Motivation to learn
A positive work environment encourages learing and avoids interfering with training.

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10
Q

What does planning the Training Program begin with?
Based on the objectives for the training program, what does the planner decide?
The characteristics of effective training objectives include statements of what?

A

Planning begins with establishing objectives for the training program.

Based on those objectives, planner decides:
- Who will provide the training
- What topics the training will cover
- What training methods to use
- How to evaluate the training

Characteristics of Effective Training Objectives include statements of:
1. Expectations
2. Quality or level of acceptable performance
3. Conditions under which the employee is to apply what he or she learned.
4. Measurable performance standards.
5. Resources needed to carry out desired performance or outcome.

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11
Q

What are the categories of training methods?

A

Presentation methods: Trainees receive information provided by others.
Techniques: Lectures, workbooks, video clips, podcasts, websites.
Applications: Conveying facts or comparing alternatives.
Hands-on methods: Trainees are actively involved in trying out skills.
Techniques: On-the-job training, simulations, role-plays, computer games.
Applications: Teaching specific skills; showing how skills are related to job or how to handle interpersonal issues.
Group-building methods: Trainees share ideas and experiences, build group identities, learn about interpersonal relationships and the group.
Techniques: Group discussions, experiential programs, team training.
Applications: Establishing teams or work groups; managing performance of teams or work groups.

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12
Q

List the types of training method

A
  1. Classroom Instructions
  2. Audiovisual Training
  3. Computer-Based Training
  4. On-the-Job Training
  5. Simulations
  6. Business Games & Case Studies
  7. Behavior Modeling
  8. Experimental Programs
  9. Team Training
  10. Action Learning
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13
Q

What is the utility of using Instructional Methods?

A

Percentage of Student Hours Delivered by Each Training Method:
- Instructor-led classroom: 42%
- Blended (combination of methods): 24%
- Online or computer-based: 22%
- Virtual classroom/webcast: 11%
- Social network or mobile: 1%

Mobile technology is useful for employees who travel and need to be in touch with the office.
Mobile devices also give employees the ability to listen to and participate in training programs at their own leisure.

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14
Q

Computer-Based Training

What is E-learning?

A

Involves receiving training via internet or intranet.
E-learning uses electronic networks for delivering and sharing information, offers tools, links and information for helping trainees improve performance.

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15
Q

Computer-Based Training

What are electronic performance support systems (EPSS)?

A

Provide access to skills training, information, and expert advice when a problem occurs on the job.
As employees need to learn new skills, they can use EPSS to access needed information and detailed instructions.

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16
Q

characteristics of on-the-job training (OJT)

What are the characteristics of on-the-job training (OJT)?

A
  • Issue a policy statement describing purpose of OJT emphasizing organization’s support for it.
  • Specify who is accountable for conducting OJT and should review OJT practices at similar companies.
  • Train managers and peers in OJT principles.
  • Provide employees access to lessons plans, checklists, procedure manuals, training manuals, learning contracts, and progress report forms.
  • Assess employee’s level of basic skills, before conducting OJT with an employee.
17
Q

Other Training Methods

What are simulations?

A

Training method that represents a real-life situation, with trainees making decisions resulting in outcomes that mirror what would occur on the job.
Uses avatars and virtual reality.

18
Q

Other Training Methods

What are case studies?

A

Detailed descriptions of a situation that trainees study and discuss.

19
Q

Other Training Methods

What are business games?

A

Require trainees to gather and analyze information and make decisions that influence the outcome.

20
Q

Other Training Methods

What are experiential programs?

A

Participants learn concepts and apply them by simulating behaviors involved and analyzing the activity and connecting it with real-life situations.

21
Q

Other Training Methods

What is adventure learning?

A

A teamwork and leadership training program based on use of challenging, structured outdoor activities.

22
Q

Other Training Methods

What are communities of practise?

A

Groups of employees work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished. It also may assign experienced employees to act as mentors who provide advice and support to trainees.

23
Q

**

What is one for he most important features of organisations nowadays?

A

Teamwork. Training programs might include team-building exercises like wall climbing and rafting to help build trust and cooperation among employees.

24
Q

What are the principles of learning?

A
  • Employees are most likely to learn when training is linked to their current job experiences and tasks.
  • Employees need a chance to demonstrate and practice what they have learned.
  • Trainees need to understand whether or not they are succeeding.
  • Well-designed training helps people remember content.
  • Written materials should have an appropriate reading level.
25
Q

Ways that Training Helps Employees Learn?

A

Communicate the learning objective - Demonstrate the performance to be expected.
Give examples of questions to be answered
Use distinctive, attention-getting messages - Emphasize key points. Use pictures, not just words.
Limit the content of training - Group lengthy material into chunks. Provide a visual image of the course material. Provide opportunities to repeat and practice material.
Guide trainees as they learn - Use words as reminders about sequence of activities. Use words and pictures to relate concepts to one another and to their context. Prompt trainees to evaluate whether they understand and are using effective tactics to learn the material.
Elaborate on the subject - Present the material in different contexts and settings. Relate new ideas to previously learned concepts. Practice in a variety of contexts and settings.
Provide memory cues - Suggest memory aids. Use familiar sounds or rhymes as memory cues.
Transfer course content to the workplace - Design the learning environment so that it has elements in common with the workplace. Require learners to develop action plans that apply training content to their jobs. Use words that link the course to the workplace.
Provide feedback bout performance - Tell trainees how accurately and quickly they are performing their new skill. Show how trainees have met the objectives of the training.

26
Q

what are the measures of training success?

A
  • Trainee satisfaction
  • Transfer of training
  • New skills and knowledge
  • Performance improvements
  • Return on investment.
27
Q

Evaluation Methods: Transfer of Training

What is transfer of training?

A

On-the-job use of knowledge, skills, and behaviors learned in training.
Transfer of training can be measured by asking employees three questions about specific training tasks:
1. Do you perform the task?
2. How many times do you perform the task?
3. To what extent do you perform difficult and challenging learned tasks?

28
Q

Evaluation Methods: Training Outcomes

What are training outcomes?

A
  • Information, such as facts, techniques, and procedures that trainees can recall after training.
  • Skills that trainees can demonstrate in tests or on the jobs.
  • Trainee and supervisor satisfaction with training program.
  • Changes in attitude related to training content.
  • Improvements in individual, group, or company performance.
29
Q

Applications of Training: Two Examples

What are the two examples of training?

A

Orientation of new employees:
Training designed to prepare employees to
- perform their jobs effectively
- learn about their organization
- establish work relationships.
Objective: The objective is to familiarise new employees with the organisation’s rules, policies, and procedures.
Diversity trainings:
Characteristics:
- Training should be tied to business objectives
- Top management involvement and support, and involvement of managers at all levels are important.
The program should:
- Emphasize learning behavior and skills, not blaming employees
- Be well structured
- Deliver rewards for performance
- Measure the success of the training

30
Q

Effectiveness of trainings in organizations

What is the evaluation criteria of effectiveness of trainings in organisations?

A
  • Reaction (subjective assessment of satisfaction)
  • Learning (assessment of training success)
  • Behavioural (assessment of transfer success)
  • Result (assessment of impact)
  • (no positive relationship between reaction and other three criteria)
31
Q

What are the skill or task characteristics?

A

Cognitive, interpersonal, psychomotor.