Capítulo 5: Consultorio lingüístico Flashcards
Presente de Indicativo de Verbos Irregulares
Conjugate an irregular verb, apart from changing the endings, we need to know what sort of irregularity it has. This irregularity generally affects the stem, or first part of the verb.
stem change e > ie like querer, penasar (to think). preferir, despertarse (to wake up) is por ejemplo querer = quiero/quieres/quiere/queremos/quieren; despertarse = me despierto/te despiertas/se despierta/ nos despertamos/se despiertan
stem change e > i like decir (to say), seguir (to follow), pedir (to request, ask for), vestirse (to get dressed) is por ejemplo decir = digo/dices/dice/decimos/dicen; seguir = sigo/sigues/sigue/ seguimos/siguen
stem change o > ue like poder, acostarse, volver (to come back) AND u > ue in jugar por ejemplo poder = puedo/puedes/puede/podemos/pueden; acostarse = me acuesto/te acuestas/ se acuesta/nos acostamos/ se acuestan; jugar = juego/juegas/juega/jugamos/juegan
-go por ejemplo yo hago, pongo, digo, vengo, salgo, tengo
The verbs ir (to go), dar (to give), estar, and saber (to know) are also irregular:
yo = voy, doy, estoy sé
Verbos Reflexivos
A reflexive verb is one in which the subject and object are the same; in other words, the effects of this verb are limited to the subject:
ducharse (to shower):
me ducho
te duchas
se ducha
nos duchamos
se duchan
divertirse (to have fun)
ne divierto
te diviertes
se diverte
nos divertimos
se divierten
me quiero divertir = quiero divertirme (I want to have fun)
no me puedo dormir = no puedo dormirme (I can’t fall asleep)
me tengo que acostar = tengo que acostarme
Estados, Recomendaciones, y Consejos
In Spanish, the physical and mental condition or state of a subject is expressed with the verb estar + an adjective. The adjective describes the state or condition of the subject, especially one susceptible to change. These adjectives do no denote an inherent characteristic of the subject.
Estoy muy cansada hoy = I am very tired today
Estás enferma? = Are you sick?
No, solo estoy un poco deprimida = No, I’m just a little depressed.
Francisco está contento hoy = Francisco is very happy today.
Sí, está muy alegre = Yes, he is very cheerful.
When someone expresses his or her state or condition, we can use the construction tener que + infinitive to make a personal recommendation, that directed to that person:
Estoy muy cansado = I am very tired.
Sí, tienes que dormir más y trabajar menos = Yes, you need to sleep more and work less.
To make a general recommendations or give advice directed at no one person in particular, the construction hay que + infinitive and the expressions es necesario/bueno/importante + infinitive are used:
Para tener éxito en la universidad, hay que estudiar mucho = To be successful in college, it is necessary to study a lot.
Para conocer gente y hacer amigos, es importante ir a clubes o reuniones de estudiantes = To meet people and friends, it is important to go to clubs or students’ meetings.
Expressing Frequency
Frequency expressions, suc as the ones below, may be placed at one of several locations within a sentence:
siempre (always)
de vez en cuando (from time to time)
a veces (sometimes)
casi siempre (almost always)
casi nunca (almost never)
a menudo (never)
algunas veces (sometimes)
A veces estudio en la biblioteca con mis amigos = Sometimes I study in the library with my friends.
Estudio en la biblioteca con mis amigos de vez en cuando = I study in the library from time to time.
Cada (each) is used only with singular nouns:
cada mes (each month)
cada semana (each week)
cada año (each year)
Todos/todas precedes plural nouns:
todos los días/meses/lunes/martes… = every day/month/Monday/Tuesday…
Todo el día (the whole day/all day), toda la semana
Nunca + VERB
Nunca hace ejercicio = he never exercises
No + VERB + nunca = No hace ejercicio nunca = He never exercises.
Quantifying: Muy, Mucho, Demasiado…
These words are used to modify the quantity or the intensity of the meaning of a noun, adjective, or verb. They do not change form when modifying verbs or adjectives:
WITH VERBS:
Ana trabaja demasiado = Ana works too much
WITH ADJECTIVES:
Martín está muy cansado = Martín is very tired
WITH NOUNS:
Ana trabaja demasiados días / demasiadas horas = Ana works too many days / too many hours
The time
To tell time, the article las (except for la una) is used:
Qué hora es? / Tienes hora? = What time is it? / Do you have the time?
Son las cinco / Es la una. = It’s five o’clock / it’s one o’clock
Son las nueve…
nueve y cuarto = nine fifteen
nueve y media = nine thirty
Son las diez menos veinte = It’s twenty to ten
…diez menos cuarto = a quarter to ten
Son las diez de la mañana (10 a.m.) = It is tren in the morning
Son las dos de la tarde (2 p.m.) = It is two in the afternoon
Son las nueve de la noche (10 p.m.) = It is nine in the evening
To indicate the time when something takes place, the structure a + las (la) is used:
A qué hora comienza la clase de Historia? = What time does the History class start?
To talk about schedules, duration of things, etc. the prepositions de…a pr desde…hasta are used:
Qué horario tiene la biblioteca? = What are the library’s working hours?
De nueve a cinco = From nine to five.
Cuánto dura la clase? = How long is the class?
Desde las ocho y media hasta las diez = From eight-thirty until ten.
OR de ocho y media a diez = From eight-thirty to ten.
