Capital Flashcards
chapter 16
define ‘capital’ !
anything manmade that assists in the production of wealth.
e.g. machinery, mobile phones, tractors, buildings and roads, etc…
what is the payment for capital?
interest
define social capital!
refers to the assets/wealth owned by the community or society in general
e.g. hospitals, parks, roads
what id fixed capital?
the stock of fixed assets such as plant, equipment and tools
define working capital!
includes all finished goods, work in progress goods and stocks of raw materials
what is private capital?
assets owned by individuals
e.g. computers, cars
what is the rate of interest?
the payment to capital, as those who sacrifice present consumption must be rewarded by those who need funds for present use
is capital necessary if u only want to work in the short run?
no,
capital is necessary if an economy is to be productive both now and in the future
define the MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL (MEC) !
the extra profit earned as a result of employing one extra unit of capital
or
the extra efficiency from the last piece of capital you bought
i. e. the marginal revenue productivity of additional capital goods minus their cost
e. g. if an extra oven costs 2000 euro and adds 5000 euro to total revenue, its MEC is 3000 euro.
what factors influence the MEC of a good?
- COST OF CAPITAL GOODS
higher costs, longer payback period, less profitable - RATE OF INTEREST
high rate, less attractive - SELLING P OF THE GOOD BEING SOLD
if selling P decreases, additional capital gets less attractive - FAIL IN PRODUCTIVITY OF THE EXTRA CAPITAL BEING USED
if they get older, lower productivity, may even become obsolete - CAPITAL WIDENING AND CAPITAL DEEPENING
what is capital widening ?
a scenario whereby the amount of capital per worker remains unchanged. an increase in the capital stock leaves the capital/labour ratio unchanged.
e.g.
year 1: 5 machines and 5 workers
year 2: 10 machines and 10 workers
what is capital deepening?
a scenario whereby the amount of capital increases, resulting in more capital per worker in the economy. here, the production process is being more capital intensive.
year 1: 5 machines and 5 workers
year 2: 10 machines and 5 workers
what are savings? (definition)
income not spent/ non-consumption
why do people save money?
- DEFERRED EXPENDITURE
saving for holidays, furniture or the purchase of a car… - UNFORESEEN EVENTS
provide for emergencies such as unexpected medical expenses, house repair, etc… - SPECULATION
investment opportunities
4 .CREDIT RATING
to get a future loan
- RETIREMENT
private pension schemes
Who saves in our economy?
- individuals save by deposing funds in financial institutions and earning a rate of interest & by paying PRSI as this is a contribution to a future state pension
- businesses by retaining profits and not paying out dividends. there funds can be used for future expansions
- Gouvernement if it incurs a budget surplus (government current revenue greater than gov current spending)