CANS study set Flashcards
master this
two major parts of the CNS
spinal cord and brain
They are covered by _______
meninges
The three meninges are and what fluid fills the space between the middle and inner layers
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
CSF
4 major lobes
temporal
parietal
occipital
frontal
VIII enters CANS at the junction of the _______ and ______
medulla and pons
CNS main nerve cell type is
multipolar
VIII th crainial nerve is
bipolar
List the major ascending pathway’s
(primary auditory pathways)
Cochlear nuclei
superior olivary complex
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate body
primary auditory cortex
What are the three divisions of cochlear nuclei
DCN
AVCN
PVCN
SOC receives _______ information crucial for _______ _______ and is the mediation site for the ______ _______
bilateral
sound localization
acoustic reflex
What are the three nuclei of the SOC
LSO
MSO
MNTB
In the LSO cells are ______ by _________ ear stimulation and _______ by _________ ear stimulation
excited by ipsilateral
inhibited by contralateral
The LSO axons mostly cross ________ to ________ ______ ______
midline to contralateral IC
LSO cells respond to ______ frequency for interaural intensity differences
high
MSO has _____ frequency differences
low
MSO axons go through the LL to the ________ IC
ipsilateral
MSO sends projections to ______ ______ of _______ and _______ nerves
motor nuclei
facial and trigeminal
MNTB serves as a relay from _________ _______ ________ ______ ______ to the _________ ______ ______ _______
contralateral AVCN to the ipsilateral LSO
IC is the main receiver for the _________ path from the _____ _____ _____
ascending
SOC
The IC receives ______ ______ from the DCN
direct afferents
IC plays an ______ _______ role in __________, _______ ______ _____, ______ _______
auditory reflexive role
Startle, head turning reflex and auditory attention
IC projections go to ___________ MGB
ipsilateral
the MGB has 3 divisions _______, ________, _______, and is located in the ________
Dorsal
Medial
Ventral
thalamus
PAC is located on the ________ ______ of the _______ _____ _______ AKA ______ ______
superior surface
superior temporal gyrus
AKA heschl’s gyrus
behavioral studies indicate AC is implicated in __________ _________, and _________
frequency discrimination tasks
sound pattern identification
discrimination
CAP information is carries from the _______ through several ______ ______, which analyze and process the _________, _______, and _______ aspects of the sound
cochlea
several relay centers
temporal
spectral
positional
In each nucleus LF are represented _____ and ______ and HF are represented _______ and ______
anteriorly and ventrally
posterior and dorsal
Anterior branch to the AVCN is responsible for the _______ _______ ______ ______ which runs in the ______ _______ stria
ventral binaural sound LOCALIZATION stream (path)
ventral acoustic
the posterior branch to the PVCN is responsible for ______ _______ _______ _______
dorsal sound IDENTIFICATION path
the branch to the DCN is involved in both _______ ________ and _______ _______
sound identification
and vertical localization
The ventral stream goes through the _______ _____ on the ventral surface of the ________ with its axons projecting mainly on the ______ _______ ______ ______
trapezoid body
ventral surface of the brainstem
superior olivary complex nuclei
the dorsal stream projects to the ________ nuclei of the _______ ______ and ______ _______ which are involved mainly in the complex analysis of auditory stimulation
contralateral
LL
IC
cells may also have _________ and ________ inputs
excitatory and inhibitory
the AVCN has mainly ________ and _________ ______ cells
spherical and globular bushy cells
spherical bushy cells are crucial in representing _______ information
timing
Globular bushy cells have a ______ number of ______, so they tend to fire at _______ ______
large
inputs
stimulus onset
______ cells respond to a wide ______ range and have a strong ________ ______. which provides information about ________ _________ in complex stimuli such as speech
octopus cells
frequency
onset response
temporal fluctuations
______ cells fire repeatedly at rates unrealted to stimulus phase, and are known as ______ cells
stellate
chopper
______ cells receive inputs from ______ nerve fibers and _________
fusiform (pyramidal)
VIII
interneurons
Three major nuclei associated with hearing in the SOC
LSO
MSO
MNTB
LSO ______ at the 2 ears are compared
intensities
MSO ____ at the 2 ears is compared
timing
LSO receives ______ _____ input from the ipsilateral ______ _____ _____ ______ and _______ input from the adjacent MNTB from cells in the contralateral AVCN
direct excitatory
AVCN
inhibitory
MSO most cells are _ _
EE
LSO also sends projections to the ______ nuclei of the ______ and ______ nerves involved in _______ reflex
motor
facial and trigeminal nerves
acoustic
Acoustic reflex involves contraction of the ______ in response to sounds of approximately ______ dB SPL
stapedius
85
the stapedius is attaches _____ to the neck of the stapes and is innervated by a branch of the _______ nerve
posteriorly
VII
tensor tympani has a small contribution in humans but it is innervated by nerve ____
V
the LL tract contains fibers from the ________ CN and the ______ SOC as they travel to the IC (midbrain) although some will bypass altogether it also contains ________ fibers
contralateral
ipsilateral
descending
The LL contains two major nuclei
Ventral (VNLL)
Dorsal (DNLL)
VNLL is concerned with _______ sound ________
monaural
identification
DNLL is concerned with ______ sound _______
binaural
localization
the IC integrates sound ________ and sound ______
identification
localization
What are the three nuclei of the IC
which one is the main auditory input?
Central (ICC)
external (lateral) cortex
Dorsal cortex
Central
the lemniscal path is _________ organized and responsive to the features of _______
tonotopically
sound
the non-lemniscal path integrates the _______ and _______-______ inputs
auditory
non-auditory
the central nucleus of the IC is concerned with ______ _______ but also with _______ _______
spatial analysis
temporal processing
the external and dornal nuclei of the IC are not firmly establsihed but they are involved in _______ _____ responses to ______ and the dorsal nucleus is likely involved in ________ sound __________
spatial reflex
sound
vertical sound localization
the MGB is the last relay in the ascending path before the cortex it receives ______ from the _____ and projects to the ________cortex
afferents
IC
auditory
The MGB has three divisions _____, _____, and ______. the main specific auditory one is ______
dorsal
medial
ventral being the main division
the MGB contributes greatly to sound __________ and to ______ level sound analysis
localization
higher
studies with MGB lesions are limited but suggest that contralateral ear effects will be seen on _______ listening tasks
dichotic
AC is located on the _________ surface of the ______ _______ _______ knows as _______ gyrus seep within the ______ ______ (______ fissure)
superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus known as heschls gyrus
lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
the AC receives inputs from the ________ division of the MGB running through the _________ capsule its surrounded by the _____ and ______ areas, which receive inputs from the ________-_____ areas (medial and dorsal divisions) of the MGB
ventral
internal
belt
parabelt
non-lemniscal
the _______ capsule is critical to ______ ______ ______
internal
central auditory processing
AC the what information heads _______ while the what and where information heads _______
anteriorly
posteriorly
the cortex has ___ layers the ___ layer doesn’t have _____ neurons
6
1
auditory
the cortex includes ______, _______, _______ cells
pyramidal, fusiform, stellate
neurons in the AC have a variety of responses in terms of ______, ______ ______, _______, and ______ __ ______
tuning
timing
intensity coding
location of source
the insula is part of the ______ ______ that is deep within the _______ sulcus it connects both the ______ ______ and _________ areas
cerebral cortex
primary auditory
association
the insula is involved in a variety of auditory activities including _________ _______, _______ ______, and ________-_______ integration
temporal processing
speech processing
auditory-visual
the CC is a ______ _____ tract connecting the ______ ______ _____
large fiber
two cerebral hemispheres
the fibers in the CC are _______-
myelinated, which means the structure continues to develop in childhood
the CC has both _______ and _______ fiber types
homolateral and heterolateral
most of the auditory fibers cross in a section know as the ____
sulcus
APD Difficulties?
localization
lateralization
temporal processing
speech recognition in noise
recognition of degraded speech
dichotic listening
