Amplification I Flashcards
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Typical SNHL has a greater loss in ______ frequencies
Higher
Higher frequencies are critical for perceiving _______ sounds such as ?
Which carry important cues for speech _______ and ________
consonant
/s/ /f/ /th/ /sh/ /k/
clarity
intelligibility
SNHL contributes to difficulty distinguishing between words like _____ vs _____ and converting _______ markers
cat vs hat
grammatical
Reduced clarity: speech may sound ______ or ____, even when loud enough
muffled or unclear
Difficulty understanding speech in noise because background noise ______ high-frequency consonants (upper spread of masking)
masking
Missed phonemic detail the person has reduced ability to distingusish _______-sounding words or subtle ______ differences
similar
speech
Speech misperception: words may be ______ due to missing key consonants
misheard
What is dynamic range?
What is a normal DR?
Difference in dB between a person’s threshold of sensitivity and level of discomfort
100 dB
A SNHL increases the threshold of _____ much more than it increases the threshold of _________ _______
hearing
loudness discomfort
In fact, for mild and some moderate hearing losses, there is likely to be very little increase in ________ ________ ______
loudness discomfort level
Consequence of decreased DR is that each increase of sound level will produce a bigger loudness increase for a hearing-impaired person than for a normal-hearing person referred to as?
recruitment
Hearing aids can compensate for ______ DR by ______ weak sounds
smaller
amplifying
Squishing of a large DR of levels in the environment into a smaller range of levels at the output of the hearing aid is called?
compression
A compressor is nothing more than an _______ that _______ turns itself down as the sound gets louder
amplifier
automatically
Another difficulty faced by people with SNHL is ______ sounds of different _________
separating
frequencies
In a unimpaired cochlea there is ________ sound this produces a clearly defined ______ of relatively strong vibration centered on one position on the _____ ____
narrowband
region
Basilar Membrane
i.e. - one containing power within a restricted range of frequencies
The ear has frequency ______ or frequency ________ - armed with all sorts of information obtained by our senses, the brain can partly ignite the activity originating from nopise, and _______ thebactivity represented by the target speech
resolution or selectivity
decode
A person with SNHL has ________ frequency resolution
Decreased
When a person with SNHL has decreased frequency resolution psychoacoustically, this shows up as a flatter _________ curves and _____ cruves
masking
tuning
*The significance of this deficit is that even when speech component and a noise component are different frequencies, if these frequencies are too close the cochlea will have a single broad region of activity rather than two separate regions
Broader auditory filters: Individuals with SNHL often experience _______ critical bands leading to ______ ability to separate closely spaced frequencies
broader
reduced
Cochlear damage is often linked to _______ hair cell damage, which ______ the cochleas ability to _______ frequency tuning
outer
reduces
sharpen
Traditional hearing aids may struggle to fully compensate for frequency ______ loss, as they amplify sounds without improving ______ clarity
resolution
spectral
Frequency resolution gradually decreases the amount of hearing loss ______
increases
Poorer detection of rapid sound changes: individuals with SNHL may struggle to perceive _____ gaps or _____ fluctuations in sound, affecting speech _____
brief
rapid
clarity
Reduced Speech Understanding: Difficulty following _____ in challenging listening environments, such as conversations with _____ speech rates or background noise
speech
fast
Temporal Masking: Increased susceptibility to forward and backward masking, where ______ sounds can obscure _____ sounds occurring shortly before or after them
louder
weaker
*likely caused by the impaired cochlea not being able to increase its sensitivity after the masking sound ceases, as happens in a normal-hearing cochlea
Impacts on Speech Perception: Difficlty perceiving important _____ cues like _____ onset time (VOT), which distinguishes sounds like /b/ vs /p/
temporal
voice
Neural Synchronization Deficits: Reduced ability of the _____ nerve to ____-____ or synchronize with the timing waves, affecting _____ & _____ perception
auditory
phase-lock
pitch & rhythm
Implications for Hearing Aids: HA with special features can help but not ______ restore temporal precision
fully
*The increases temporal masking is likely caused by the impaired cochlea not being able to increase its sensitivity after the masking sound ceases, as happens in a normal-hearing cochlea
Another aspect of temporal resolution is the ability to use the information contained within the ______-by-_____ timing of the aveform at any point on the BM –> referred to as the _______ ______ structure of the waveform
cycle-by-cycle
temporal fine
What are some challenges in everyday communication?
- Difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments
- Impacts on social interactions and relationships
- Emotional and psychological effects, such as frustration and isolation
If only the OHC ceases to function normally, then thresholds are _______, DR is _______ and frequency and temporal resolution are both ______
elevated
reduced
degraded
If only the IHC ceases to function normally, then thresholds are again _______, but frequency resolution remains at or close to ________
elevated
normal
The haring loss resulting from inadequate stria operation is called?
strial sensorienural loss
Another cause of hearing loss within the cochlea is a change to the _______ properties (e.g. stiffness) of structures within the cochlear duct (Cochlear conductive loss)
physical
When the OHC functions normally, but either the IHC, their connection to the auditory nerve, or the auditory nerve itself is defective, the loss is referred to as?
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
*Common in children who are born with a condition or in a manner that requires them to spend time in neonatal intensive care
When there is a loss of audibility there is ________ of sound
distortion
*also
-Difficulty localizing sounds and following rapid speech
-Impaired ability to understand complex auditory information
When a child is impacted by HL there are delays in _______ development and ________ challenges
language
academic
When adults are impacted by a HL they may have difficulties in the ______ and reduced _________
workplace
productivity
When an older adult has a HL they may expirience a ______ decline, ______ withdrawal, and increased _______
cognitive
social
isolation
Frequency: describes how may ______ per second a sound wave alternates from ________ pressure to _______ pressure and back to the starting value
times
postive
negative
*measured in seconds (s) or milliseconds (ms)
Period: is the time taken for a ________ sound wave to complete _____ cycle
repetitive
one
*measured in seconds (s) or milliseconds (ms)
AND
is equal to one divided by the frequency
Phase: describes the _______ of a sound, or one component of a sound, relative to some other aspect of the sound or relative to _______ sound
timing
another
*One complete period corresponds to a phase shift of 360° or 2π radians
*Two sounds are out of phase when their waveforms are proportional to each other but have opposite polarity
Wavelength: describes the _________ a sound wave travels during one period of the wave
distance
*measures in meters (m) and is equal to the speech of sound (343 m/s divided by the frequency of the sound)
Diffraction describes how a sound wave is altered by an _______
obstacle
*When a sound meets an obstacle, like a head, the size of the wavelength compared to the size of the obstacle determines what happens
Sounds with wavelengths much smaller than the obstacle cannot bend around the obstacle and so cause a?
sound shadow (i.e. the sound is attenuated)
Pressure describes how much _____ per unit area a sound wave exerts on anything that get in its way such as an?
force
eardrum
*measured in Pascals (Pa), or mPa
Sound pressure level (SPL) is the number of _________ by which any sound pressure exceeds the arbitrary
decibles
When pressure doubles, the SPL increases by 6 dB
When pressure increases 10 times, the SPL increases by 20 dB
What does RMS stand for
Root-mean-square value of a signal
Waveform describes how the ______ of a sound wave varies from moment to moment in time
pressure
*waveform of a pure tone, for example is a sinusoid
Spectrum describes the mixture of _____ tones that, when added together, produce a particular complex sound over a specific portion of time
pure
*a complete spectrum specifies the amplitude and phase of every pure tone component in the complex sound, but often we are interested in only the amplitude spectrum periodic
Octave bands and one-third octave bands are _______ regions one octave and one-third octave wide respectively
frequency
Critical bands are frequency regions within which it is difficult for the ______ to ______ sounds of different frequencies
ear to separate
Impedance describes how easily a _______ (e.g. air) vibrates when a sound pressure is applied to it
medium
The essential components of a HA are?
- One or more microphones to convert sound into an electrical signal
-An amplifier to increase the strength of the electrical signal; in the process it will also alter the balance of the sound
-A miniature loudspeaker, called a receiver, to turn electricity back into sound
-A mean of coupling the amplified sound into the ear canal
-A battery to provide the power needed by the amplifier
Microphones and receivers are jointly referred to as?
transducers because they convert one form of energy into another
The amplifiers in nearly all hearing aids now use ________ signal processing
digital
*this means that the amplifiers also contain circuits to turn the continuous (i.e. analog) electrical signals into numbers
BTE is short for? and is considerably ______
Behind-The-Ear
-Two piece
-The microphone and electronics are mounted in the characteristic banana-shaped case, or in some artistic variations of it
-Receiver is also mounted in the case
-The sound from it is converted acoustically via a tube to a custom ear mold or to a soft dome that retains the open end of the tube within the near canal
What is a more recent variation of the BTE?
RITE - receiver in the ear
receiver is located within the ear canal rather than in the BTE case, and an electrical cable rather than an acoustic tube runs from the electronics to the ear canal
Also known as RIC - RITC - CRT
ITE hearing aid
In-the-ear
- vary in size from concha styles that, as their name implies, fill the entire concha as well as about half the length of the ear canal
Spectacle or ____-glass aid
How many types of spectacle aids are there?
eye
two types
- side frame of the spectacles (the bow) contains all the hearing aid components
- spectacle hearing aid is basically a BTE - attaches to this adapter and a tube leads from the hearing aid receiver to the ear
CIC is?
Completely-in-the-canal
- Use components small enough that none of the hearing aids need to protrude into the concha
-removing can be difficult, so often a small handle, similar to nylon fishing line with a small knob at the end, is attached to the hearing aid and this does extend into the concha
-When the medial end of the CIC hearing aid is within a few millimeters of the eardrum, the CIC is referred to as peri-tympanic CIC
Pre 1940s audiology emerged during ______, focusing on diagnostic services for veterans
WW II
What are the six hostory eras of hearing aids
Acoustic
Carbon
Vacuum tube
Transistor
Digital
Wireless
Pre 1940s Hearing aids were primarily dispensed by?
Hearing aid dealers
Pre 1940s audiologists focused on hearing ________ and ________, not device provision
hearing
rehabilitation
1940s-1950s audiologists were restricted to ______ testing and ______ rehabilitation
diagnostic
aural
1940s-1950s ASHA’s code of ethics prohibited audiologists from ________ hearing aids and were sold exclusively by hearing aid ______
dispensing
dealers
19__ ASHA lifted the restriction on audiologists dispensing hearing aids
1978
Growing evidence supported professional fitting and counseling with hearing aids
Audiologists began incorporating hearing aid fittings into practice
1980-1990s there was an ______ of services, audiologists became the _________ providers of hearing aids and rehabilitation
expansion
primary
- The introduction of programmable and digital hearing aids increased the need for professional expertise
- The focus to personalized fittings, patient counseling, and follow-up care
2000 - present audiologists play a _______ role in comprehensive hearing healthcare
central
Hearing aid technology advances with digital signal processing and connectivity features
Created a ne market dynamic
Audiologists remain essential for complex cases and individualized care
OTC hearing aids were approved in _____ to expand access for adults with _____ to ____ hearing loss
2022
mild to moderate
OTC devices are sold directly to consumers without _______ fitting or customization
professional
Are Hearing amplifiers medical devices?
Non-medical
mild hearing difficulties
Microphones conver sound (______ energy) into ______ signals
acoustic
electrical
what are the six components of a hearing aid essential for capturing speech and reducing background noise
Microphone
Microchip
Amplifier
Battery
Receiver
An Omnidirectional Microphone captures sound _____ from ____ directions and is suitable for ______ environments
Pro and Con?
equally
all
quiet
Pro: simple and effective for calm settings
Con: Poor in noisy environments
Directional microphone focuses sound from a specific _______ and is used in _______ environments
Pro and Con?
direction
noisy
Pro: improved speech clarity
Con: Limited in dynamic environments
Dual (adaptive) Microphone Arrays uses _______ microphones for advanced noise ________ it combined both _____ and _____ microphones
Pro and Con?
multiple
advanced
omni and directional
Pro: Improved noise control
Con: More complex and costly
Amplifiers _____ sound signals captured by microphones essential for making _____ sounds audible and controls ________ and ________
boost
soft
loudness and clarity
Pre-Amplifiers boots _____ signals before further processing and _______ signal loss often the _____ stage in the amplification chain
weak
reduce
first
Power Amplification further _____ sound after processing essential for _______ to _____ hearing loss and drives the ______ with sufficient power
amplifies
moderate to severe
receiver
Digital Amplifiers use ______ signal processing to modify sound signals reducing _______ and ________ noise providing _______-specific amplification
digital
feedback and background
frequency-specific
Circuits in hearing aids control ______ processing and _____ responsible for managing the _____ flow and is divided into ______, _______, and _______ types
sound and amplification
signal
analog, digital, and hybrid
Analog Circuits continuously ______ sound signals they are ______ customizable and common in _____ hearing aids
amplify
less
older
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Circuits convert sound to _____ data and enables advances processing like noise ______ common in _____ hearing aids
digital
reduction
modern
Summary of Key components listed below
Microphones: Capture sound and convert it to electrical signals
Amplifiers: Boost sound signals
Circuits: Control and manage signal flow
*Understanding these components ensures effective hearing aid fitting
What is the goal of amplification?
To make speech and environmental sounds audible without causing discomfort
What are the two primary approaches to amplification?
Linear and nonlinear amplification
*each approach differs in how it handles varying input levels and sound intensity
What are key features of linear amplification
-Provides a consistent amount of gain across all input levels until saturation
-Gain is determined by frequency but remains constant across input levels
-Input/output function forms a straight 45-degree line 1:1 ratio
-Often used in OLDER hearing aids and basic amplification models
-Requires manual volume control for patient comfort
-May cause discomfort as loud sounds receive the same gain as soft sounds
What are Nonlinear Amplification key features?
-Gain varies based on both frequency and input level
-Compression technology adjusts the gain, amplifying soft sounds more than loud sounds
-Input/output function shows compression beyond the knee point (nonlinear response)
-Designed to protect the user from loud sounds, reduce discomfort, and compensate for narrow dynamic range
-Often used in MODERN hearing aids
-May eliminate the need for manual volume adjustments due to automatic gain control (AGC)
List the key differences between linear and nonlinear
Linear:
-Gain remains contant across input levels
-Suitable for simple sound environments
-Manual volume control is often required
Nonlinear:
-Gain reduces as input levels increase
-Preferred for dynamic listening environments
-Automatic adjustment with compression technology
what are some clinical considerations when choosing amplification type
-Patients degree and type of hearing loss and DR
-Need for comfort with loud sounds and speech clarity
-Suitability for complex vs predictable listening environments
-Linear amp - better for stable, mild HL (CHL)
Nonlinear amp - complex situations w/ variable noise (SNHL)
*patients have individual needs and we need to know how to adjust hearing aids to the person’s personal experience
Linear provides ______ gain while nonlinear adapts to ______ levels
constant
input
Nonlinear technology, with compression, offers more advanced _______ ________
sound management
List the hearing aid sound processing systems 4 chains
- Microphone - amplifier - Variable gain amplifier - Receiver - Compressor - Adder
- AC/DC converter - Attenuator - Telecoil - Peak clipper - Compressor - Adder
- Low pass or high cut filter - High pass or low cut filter - Bandpass filter - Band stop filter - Compressor - fourier Transform
- Low pass or high cut filter - High pass or low cut filter - Bandpass filter - Band stop filter - Time delay - Inverse fourier transform
Modern HAs incorporate multiple microphones for ______ noise management and _______ noise suppression
wind
digital
What are some limitations of microphones
Break down easily when exposed to chemical agents
random electrical noise
body vibrations
wind noise
Amplifiers can do three things:
- make the voltage larger but not affect the current
- make the current larger, but not affect the voltage
- most commonly, they can make both the voltage and the current larger
*takes power from battery and transfers it to the amplifier output
A compressor is a _______ that turns down its own gain as the input to the amplifier increases
AKA?
amplifier
AKA = automatic gain control (AGC)
ADC changes the analog electrical voltage coming from _______ into these numbers
microphone
DSP enhanced sound _______ through advanced algorithms that manipulate the digital signals providing frequency-specific amplification
quality
Ex. individuals with high-frequency hearing loss can have those frequencies amplified without oversimplifying lower frequencies
Digital vs analog hearing aids
Digital hearing aids have fully replaced analog hearing aids in that no new analog hearing aids are being designed
*advantage is that they can perform more complex processing than is possible in analog hearing aids
In sequential processing the hearing aid processes each sample of the incoming sound _______ and _______ in real-time and as soon as a sample enters the processor, it is modified and sent to the next stage before the next sample arrives
individually and continuously
What are some characteristics of sequential processing?
-Real- time, continuous processing of sound
-Fast response time, making it useful for features like automatic gain control (AGC) and feedback suppression
-Requires low memory and computational resources because it processes data as it arrives
*MAY LACK advanced analysis since decisions are based on limited sample information
Block processing (AKA: Frame processing) the hearing aid collects ______ sound samples into a form (block) before processing them together and the processor analyzes the entire block at once before sending the out
multiple
What are some characteristics of Block processing
-Allows more complex analysis of sound pattern, since a larger amount of data is available at once
-Useful for advanced noise reduction and speech enhancement because it can identify trends in the signal over time
-Can implement more computationally intensive algoritms, such as beam-forming or machine-learing-based noise suppression
*SLIGHT DELAY in processing, since the system must wait for a full block of data before applying changes
Modern hearing aids ise a combination of both ________ and ______ processing
sequential - fast adjustments (e.g. feedback, AGC, suppression)
Block - complex analysis and noise reduction (e.g. speech enhancement, directional microphones)
The purpose of noise reduction is to _______ background noise to improve _______ comfort and focus on speech
minimize
listening
How does noise reduction work?
-The hearing aid identifies steady-state noises like fan hums or engine sounds and reduces their intensity
-Speech which is dynamic and fluctuations in frequency, are preserved, improving clarity in noisy environments
The purpose of feedback cancellation is to ______ the high-pitched whistling sound (feedback) caused by ______ sound leaking from the ________ back to the microphone
eliminate
amplified
receiver
How does feedback cancellation work?
-DSP detects feedback in real time and generates a cancellation signal to neutralize it
-This feature allows for higher amplification levels without the risk of feedback especially in open-fit hearing aids
DAC (digital-to-analog) converts the modified string of numbers into an ______ signal and can be located inside the ______ circuit or the ________
acoustic
amplifier
receiver
Receivers sound output converts modified and amplified _______ signals back to _______ output
electrical
acoustic
Operation:
-Operates by magnetic forces
-Has a wide frequency response
-Consumes little power
-takes little space
High-pass filters provide more _____ to high frequency sounds than to low frequency sounds, which gives the sound a _______, or ______ quality
gain
treble
shrill
Low-pass filters provide more ____ to, low frequency sounds than to high frequency sounds, which gives the sound a _______ or _____ quality
gain
muffled
boomy
Band-pass filters provide _____ gain to frequencies in a certain _____ than to either higher or lower frequencies
more
band
Band-stop filters provide ______ gain within a restricted range of frequencies than for all other frequencies
less
Filters are programmed by the ________ to tailor _____ for specific frequencies
audiologist
specific
Tone Controls Adjustable by the ____ to modify ____, Midrange, AND ______ levels
User
Bass
treble levels
Bands are ________ ranges that an audiologist can adjust while programming a hearing aids
frequency
Channels are independent _______ of the _______ spectrum that the hearing aid processes separately.
Sections
Frequency
Receivers In Hearing Aids convert _______ ______ signals into ______ output
amplified electrical
acoustic
In BTE hearing aids, sound travels through _______ and _______ components before reaching the ear
tubing and earmold
BTE receiver resonances peaks at _ kHz, _kHz and _kHz due to tubing length
1 3 5
Receiver resonance & Frequency response have an Impact on ______ intelligibility: poorly controlled resonances may _______ certain sounds excessively, distorting speech
Speech
Amplify
RIC & Custom devices resonances at _kHz and _kHz due to mechanical factors
3 and 5
Acoustic dampers ______ unwanted peaks in the frequency response
Reduce
What are the 4 types of Acoustic Dampers
Fine mesh
Sintered stainless steel
Lamb’s wool
Plastic foam
Where can Acoustic Dampers be placed?
Inside tubing
Near microphone inlet
Integrated into receivers
In the hook
What are telecoils exactly?
Small copper coil that picks up electromagnetic signals
Where can T-Coils be used?
Used in looped venues (e.g.) theaters, churches) and T-coil enabled phones
T-Coils can improve _______ understanding in public settings
Speech
Induction Loop Systems are installed in rooms or auditoriums to ______ signals directly to _______ ______ with telecoils
send
hearing aids
Hearing aid batteries are _______ _____-____ batteries
Disposable Zinc-Air
Size 10 is ______
Size 312 is ______
size 13 is ______
Size 675 is ______
Yellow (3-7) days
Brown (5-10) days
Orange (10-14) days
Blue (14-22) days
Rechargeable batteries are ______-_____ batteries. Although they are rechargeable they need ______ replacement
Silver-Zinc
Periodic
________-Ion batteries are _______-lasting integrated into hearing aids
Pro:
Con:
Lithium
long
Pro: Lasts a full day per charge
Cons: Cannot be replaced by users, requires manufacturer servicing
What are the three Hearing aid construction options
- Custom hearing aids
- Modular hearing aids
- Semi-modular, semi-Custom hearing aids
Custom hearing aids such as ITEs, ITCs, and CICs require _______ ______ or laster-scanned images. Component placement can be ______. ______ design affects component positining
earmold impressions
customized
Faceplate
Modular hearing aids are assembeled from standardized parts:; ready-to wear devices. Do not require _______ impressions.
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
Earmold
Advantages: Lower cost, higher reliability, and immediate avilability
Disadvantages: poor fit for some, feedback issues, and limited audibility
Semi-Modular, Semi-Custom hearing aids requires a ________ earmold but contain pre-arranged components. They are ______ than fully custom hearing aids
custom
Larger
Linked Bilateral Hearing aids are _______ communication between two hearing aids using:
1.
2.
Wireless
1. Low radio-frequency bandwidth
2. Near-field magnetic inductive coupling
What are 4 advantages of Linked Bilateral Hearing Aids
- Synchronization of volume and program adjustments.
- Improved localization through synchronized directionality.
- Coordinated compression and adaptive noise suppression.
- Enhanced telecoil responsiveness.
Hearing aids are programmed via ______ using a programming device
computer
What are the 3 Hearing aid programs?
NOAH standard
HiPro Programmer (Wired)
Noahlink Wireless Programmer
NOAH Standard is common interface for storing ______ data, including audiograms. Compatible with _______ hearing aid manufactures
patient
various
HiPro Programmer (Wired) requires proprietary cables for ______ hearing aid models
Different
Noahlink Wireless Programmer is _______-enabled, and supports _______ brands with a range of ___m
Bluetooth
Multiple
10
Multi-Memory & Multi-Program Hearing aids are ______ hearing aids that can store multiple sets of data. Such programs can adjust?
Digital
Adjust:
1. Frequency
2. Gain
3. Microphone directionality
4. Users can switch programs manually or automatically
What are 3 factors that make a listening environment challenging? and what are 4 solutions to resolve this
- Distance from the sound source
- Noise interference
- Reverberation
- Induction Loops
- Radio-frequency (FM) transmission
- Infrared transmission
- Classroom sound field-amplification
Induction Loop Systems convert ______ signals into _______ currents, generating a magnetic field
audio
electrical
Induction Loop Systems are picked up by _-_____ equipped hearing aids or cochlear implants
T-Coil
Types of induction Loops are ______: installed in venues (theaters, auditoriums, classrooms) or _______: single-user loops (e.g., neck loops)
Permanent
Portable
What are 3 advantages to Induction loop systems and 4 Limitations?
- Direct audio transmission to hearing aids, reducing background noise.
- Cost-effective for large venues.
- Wide coverage area.
- Expensive installation.
- Susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
- Requires maintenance.
- Variable audio quality depending on user position.
Radio-Frequency Transmission (FM Systems) is a _____ system transmitting audio via a radio signal
Wireless
Components of FM Systems are?
Transmitter - Worn by speaker
Receiver - Worn by listener, connects to hearing aid/CI via direct audio input, neck loop, or built-in FM receiver
FM System Operational Steps
1.______ _____: Microphone picks up speech
- _______ ______: Enhances clarity and volune
- _______ ______: carrier wave varies based on signal amplitude
- _________: Radio waves are sent wirelessly
- _______: Receiver filters and demodulates the signal
- _______ _______: Sound is amplified and adjusted for clarity
- Audio Capture
- Signal Processing
- Frequency Modulation
- Transmission
- reception
- Signal Reconstruction
Pros & Cons of FM Systems?
Pros: Works indoors and outdoors, No line-of-sight required. Maintains sound quality
Cons: Prone to RF interference, Requires dedicated frequency allocation
Digital Modulation (DM) converts ______ into _____ bits before transmission. Used in ______ systems such as DAB and FHSS) and reduces interference and improves transmission security
Sound into Digital
Modern
Infrared (IR) Transmission uses ______ signals instead of _____ waves
Light
Radio
Common uses of IR Transmission are ____ transmission, and assistive ______ in theaters and courtrooms
TV
listening
The Infrared Transmission Process is:
- _______ ______: Microphone converts sound to an electrical signal
- ________: Infrared LED intensity varies based on sound amplitude
- _________: Modulated IR light is emitted
- _______: IR receiver detects the signal and converts it back to sound
5: _______: Audio is amplified for the user
- Audio Capture
- Modulation
- Transmission
- Reception
- Sound Delivery
Advantaged of IR transmission process are high _____ (light does not pass through walls. No __ interference and multiple channels can operate without _____-interference
Privacy
RF
Cross
Some Limitations of IR Transmission process are that it requires _____ of sight (obstructions cause interruptions) and it is affected by ______ ______ conditions
Line of sight
Bright lighting
Classroom Sound-Field Amplification Systems Imrpoves ______-to-_____ ration by amplifying speech
Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR)
Basic setup of a classroom sound-field system is a ______ worn by teacher and _______ & _______ placed in the rooms
Microphone
Amplifier & loudspeaker
What are ALDs?
ALDs imrpove speech understanding, Sound detection
Can be used with or instead of hearing aids
what are the two main categories of ALDs
- ALDs that imrpove SNR
- ALDs that assist in detecting environmental sounds
ALDs use ______-to-_____ communication used in _______ environments with wireless options such as ______ & ______ systems and can be used with hearing aids or headphones
one to one
noisy
infrared
FM systems
ALDs are also used in ______ listening systems used in ______, ______, ______ with options such as ______-field, ______ or ________ loop systems
Churches, theaters, auditoriums
sound-field, infrared or magnetic loop
FM and infrared require a _________
receiver
ALDs for television devices requires a _______ (plug-in or microphone near TV) the signal transmitted via ________ or _______ (radio-frequency or magnetic loop) connection
Transmitter
hardwire or wireless
Mganetic loops require _-_____ but no receiver
T-Coil
Receiver options for television devices are _________ (TV ears) and _-_____ compatible hearing aids/cochlea impants
headphones
T-coil
Telephone device options are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.Amplified telephone
2.Captioned landline phone (e.g., ClearCaptions)
T
3.-coil connectivity
- Text Telephone (TTY)/Device for the Deaf (TDD)
- Bluetooth-enabled smartphones
6.Live captioning (FaceTime, RTT calls)
ALDs for environmental sounds use _______ linked to outputs that help individuals detect important sounds
Sensors
Common Sensors/Detectors are?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- Telephone ring sensor
- Baby cry sensor
- Smoke detector
- Alarm clock
- Doorbell sensor
Alerting device output transducers are
- _____ output: Loud, low-frequency sounds
- _____ output: Flashing lights
- ______ output: vibrating alerts
- _______ outputs: Some devices use multiple alerts
- Audio
- Visual
- Vibrotactile
Combination
What are examples of alerting alarm clocks
- Louder bell sound
- Flashing light alarm
- Vibrating pad under pillow
- Multiple output options combined
What are examples of alerting door alarms
- Buzzer, amplified bells, musical chimes
- Flashing light when doorbell rings
- Wireless alerting systems for placement in multiple rooms
What are some alertic devices for smoke detectors & Fire alarms
- Strobe lights fo rvisual alerts
- Bed vibrators for nighttime alerts
- Wireless alerting systems
Bluetooth technologies in hearing aids enhance ________, _____ and user experience
connectivity, accessibility
Bluetooth allows user to _______ _____ from electronic devices, _____ settings via apps and enable ______ programming by audiologists
stream audio
control
remote
Bluetooth operates on . GHz short-range radio waves
2.4
Bluetooth _____ energy is commonly used for efficiency
Low
Bluetooth supports ______ streaming to hearing aids from phones, TV’s, Computers
Direct
Classic Bluetooth is used in _______ hearing aids and requires an __________ streaming device (bluetooth transmitter or neck loop
Older
Intermediary
Types of Bluetooth connectivity in hearing aids are ______ bluetooth and Bluetooth _____ energy
Classic
Low
Bluetooth Low Energy is used for _____ (MEi) and ________ ASHA hearing aids and allows ______ streaming without intermediary
iphone
Android
direct
low Energy audio is the next generationm bluetooth .+ technology
5.2
LE audio benefits ?
- Public audio streaming without accessories
- Seamless multi-device switching
- Optimized power efficiency
- Eliminates manufactuter-specific Bluetooth limitations
Remote microphones improve ______ in noisy environments
Speech
TV Streaming Device is a wireless transmission from __ to hearing aids
TV
Phone accessories enhance call ______ and hands-free use
clarity
Remote Controls & Apps allow ______ hearing aid adjustments
discreet
FM & Loop Systems provide access to ______ loop and educational FM systems
public
Hearing aids connectivity options include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Bluetooth Classic (Hands-Free Profile)
- Bluetooth LE Audio (Auracast tm)
- 2.4 GHz proprietary RF wireless
4.Telecoil (T-Coil) Inductive Loops
