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Nutrition Year 1 > Canine Ingredients and Rationing > Flashcards

Canine Ingredients and Rationing Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

component of the diet with a specific bodily function to aid growth and health

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2
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Thermoregulation
Digestion
Transport of hormones, nutrients etc. to tissues
Waster removal
Lubrication of mucous membranes (aids olfaction)
Lubrication of lungs (aids gaseous exchange)
Protection of joints, brain, spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the sources of water?

A

voluntary water intake
food
metabollic water

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4
Q

What should the water be like?

A

clean and fresh
have extra
have one bowl per dog plus an extra bowl

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5
Q

Why do we compare wet and dry food?

A

moisture content levels of other nutrients show therefore must compare dry matter

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6
Q

What is protein and what are its functions?

A

-large complex molecules made up of amino acid
-Functions
Creation of tissue e.g. muscle, skin
Creation of hormones and enzymes
Energy
Palatability

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7
Q

What can the incorrect levels of protein cause?

A 
Deficiency can impair
Growth
Maintenance of body weight/lean body mass
Reproduction and performance
Activity levels
Immune response
Digestion
Excess
Stored as fat and nitrogen excreted as urea
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8
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A
  • arginine
  • leucine
  • Phenylalanine
  • tryptophan
  • histidine
  • lysine
  • valine
  • isoleucine
  • methionine
  • threonine
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9
Q

What is digestibility and what is it affected by?

A

Digestibility – quantity of crude protein that is not excreted in faeces
Digestibility affected by
Ingredient quality
Processing methods e.g. particle size
Cooking temperature
Companies are not required to provide digestibility measurements

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10
Q

What is the biological value of protein?

A

Biological value – a measure of the usability of the protein i.e. how much is incorporated into the body’s own tissue
Therefore crude protein does not necessarily indicate the useable amount
High BV if essential AA quantities closely match animals requirements
High BV sources are more expensive but less is needed

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11
Q

What are fats?

A 
Made up of fatty acids
Essential FA – linoleic acid
Functions
Energy
Insulation
Palatability
Skin health
Carry fat-soluble vitamins
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12
Q

How much fat should a dog have?

A

Minimum allowance in dog food
Fat 5-8% (g/100gDM)
Linoleic acid 1.3-1.5%
Excess
Weight gain due to increased energy density and palatability (texture/flavour)
Diarrhoea and fatty stools
Deficiency
Weight loss (decreased energy density and loss of palatability)
Dry, dull coat; hair loss; poor wound healing
Greasy skin susceptible to infection

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates and what are there functions?

A 
Sugar
Starch
Fibre
Functions
Energy (protein-saving function)
Gastrointestinal health (fibre)
maybe listed as a nitrogen free extract (NFE)
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14
Q

How do you calculate how much carbohydrate a dog should have?

A

% CHO = 100 – (%protein +%fat + %moisture + %ash)

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15
Q

How much carbohydrate should we feed dogs?

A

Not strictly required IF protein and fat content sufficient in diet
Lack of carbohydrate can double protein requirement
Glucose requirement during foetal development – risks associated with carbohydrate-free and protein inadequate diet
Digestibility affected by
-Type e.g. lactose not well tolerated in adults
-Size of starch granules
-Heat treatment increases digestibility

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16
Q

What are minerals?

A
  • Inorganic elements in food
  • Measured as ash
  • Approx. 18 required by mammals
  • Macro-minerals
  • Micro-minerals/trace elements
17
Q

Where are minerals found and what do they do?

A

Many interactions between minerals thus balance needs to achieved
Calcium;phosphorus ratio
Bioavailability affected by source and other minerals
Less available in grains than animal sources due to phytate
High calcium levels reduce bioavailability of trace elements
High zinc levels reduce absorption of copper

18
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic molecules that are required for life e.g. enzyme formation, but not used as a source of energy
Water soluble and fat soluble
Deficiencies are varied depending on individual function
Excess excreted (water soluble) or stored in liver (fat soluble - potential toxicity)
Interactions with minerals e.g. vitamin D and calcium

19
Q

What is rationing?

A

Energy requirements determine how much of a food is fed
That quantity must also provide sufficient quantities of the other required nutrients
Average ME in commercial pet foods:
Fat = 8.5kcal/g
Protein = 3.5kcal/g
Carbohydrate = 3.5kcal/g

20
Q

What are the energy requirements?

A 
GROSS ENERGY
|
------FECAL ENERGY LOSS
|
DIGESTABLE ENERGY
|
-------GASEOUS AND URINARY ENERGY
|
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
|
----------HEAT INCREMENT
|
NET ENERGY
         /                   \
MAINTENANCE  PRODUCTION
21
Q

What is Resting energy requirements?

A

Resting Energy Requirements (RER) or Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - daily energy requirements of a dog, at rest in a thermoneutral environment when not digesting food.

22
Q

What are daily energy requirements?

A

Daily Energy Requirements (DER) or Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER) –energy required for activity levels and life stage including gestation etc.

23
Q

What must be labelled on dog food?

A 
Calculations based on chemical analysis of nutrients
Proximate Analysis or Typical Analysis
Analysis data must be on food label
Legal requirement
Energy content cannot be on label
24
Q

How do you ration?

A
  1. Work out dogs daily energy requirements (DER)
  2. Calculate what current diet is providing
  3. Compare current diet to:
    i. Manufacturer’s recommendations
    ii. Calculated daily energy requirement
    iii. Calculated protein requirement
    iv. Work out how many grams of food is needed to meet requirements IF not already met
25
Q

How do you calculate DER (daily energy requirements)?

A

DER = K x W kg0.75 where K reflects energy levels

Active adult dogs:
Low activity (<1 hour per day e.g. walking on the lead)
ME requirement = 95 x (W kg 0.75)
Moderate activity (1-3 hours per day)
ME requirement = 110 x (W kg 0.75)
High activity (>3 hours per day e.g. working dogs)
ME requirement = 125 x (W kg 0.75)

Example 10kg active dog
ME requirement = 125 x (10kg ) 0.75
= 702 kcal ME/day

26
Q

What is energy density?

A

The quantity of food fed is dictated by energy density but must also provide appropriate quantities of all other nutrients

Calorific distribution – the proportion of energy contributed by each of the energy providing nutrients

27
Q

How do you calculate what the diet currently provides?

A

ME (Kcal/100g) = (3.5 x %CP) + (8.5 x %Fat) + (3.5 x %NFE)

%NFE = 100% - %Moisture - %Protein - %Fat - %Fibre - %Ash

In dry feeds moisture content is approx 10%

Wet/semi moist foods (>14%) must declare moisture content

Average ME in commercial pet foods: Fat = 8.5kcal/g Protein = 3.5kcal/g Carbohydrate = 3.5kcal/g

28
Q

What should we compare diet to?

A

i. Manufacturer’s recommendations
ii. Calculated daily energy requirement
iii. Calculated protein requirement
iv. Work out how many grams of food is needed to meet requirements IF not already met

i. Check against manufacturers recommendations
Is it suitable for lifestage/workload?
Is it being fed at the recommended amounts
i.Calculated daily energy requirement
ii.Calculated protein requirement
iii. Work out how many grams of food is needed to meet requirements IF not already met
DER of individual dog x 1000/ME content of food (Kcal/kg)

29
Q

How should we manage feeding?

A

Treats and snacks NO MORE THAN 10% of the whole diet’s calorie content

Feed to IDEAL body weight and not actual body weight

Weigh food out or use manufacturer provided measuring cup

Number of feeds?!
Breed/Size
Weight
Life Stage/Age
Activity Level
Feed format

Nutrition Year 1 (7 decks)

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