canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus Flashcards
define athetosis
Prolonged slow involuntary contraction of the distal (less frequently trunk) muscles resulting in nonrhythmic writhing movements
define ballism
**abrupt **involuntary contraction of **proximal **limb muscles resulting in large-amplitude flailing/flinging movements of the limb(s); typically unilateral.
define chorea
An abrupt, irregular, and unsustained low-amplitude contraction of muscle groups, particularly distal muscles resulting in 1 or more discrete movements. Similar in distribution to athetosis but faster and larger amplitude. Not characterized by an inserted posture (as in dystonia) but rather an inserted movement.
define cramp
A sudden, severe, and involuntary muscle contraction or over-shortening that is generally temporary and benign. Can cause mild-to-excruciating pain, and immobility of the affected muscle(s). Onset is usually sudden, and resolves on its own over aperiod of several seconds, minutes, or hours.
define dystonia
A sustained, slow, involuntary contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles of a body region producing abnormal postures and/or involuntary movement of portions of the body along a longitudinal axis. arrhythmic. Frequently triggered by movement, standing, or by adopting particular postures. Only occurs in wakeful state.
define myoclonic tremor
Likely replaced by term rhythmic myoclonus: brief shock-like myoclonic movements occurring with a defined unidirectional fast phase (positive or negative) and a slower recovery phase.
define fasciculation
A brief spontaneous contraction resulting from the spontaneous activation of a small number of muscle fibers, often causing a flicker/vermicular movement under the skin.
define myoclonus
A sequence of repeated, variably rhythmic, brief shock-like jerks resulting from the sudden involuntary contraction or relaxation of 1 or more muscles. Generates movement of the affected body part , whereas tremors, myokymia, neuromyotonia do not. Differs from a startle response in that myoclonic movements frequently occur independent of a sudden stimulatory input and occur repetitively. May be precipitated or worsend by movement, stress.May occur during sleep.
define myokimia
A focal or generalized continuous contraction of facial or limb myofibers, often exhibiting an undulation/vermicular movementof the skin overlying the affected muscle
define myotomia
A disturbance in muscle relaxation after voluntary contraction or percussion. Is most noticeable after a period of rest, and improves with continued activity. Frequently results in noticeable **hypertrophy **of the affected muscles and may lead to diminished joint flexion when walking
define neuromyotomia
A more severe form of myokymia, seen as **persistent generalised **muscle stiffness and delayed muscle relaxation due to abnormal electrical discharges of motor nerves, often resulting in collapse. Clinically results in noticeable muscle rippling. May be precipitated by stress and/or excitement
define tetany
Sustained muscle contraction, usually involving extensors muscles. No relaxation is noted. May be accompanied by sensory changes (eg, hypocalcemia-induced tetany).
define tetanus
Severe, sustained muscle contraction resulting from impairment of **glycine **release within the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord resulting from exotoxin release associated with Clostridium tetani infections.
define tremor
Involuntary, rhythmic oscillatory movements of a body part with symmetric velocity in both directions of movement, around a joint axis. Frequently caused by rhythmic alternating contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. May be present alone or concurrently with other movements. Tremors can be subdivided as follows: rest tremor, postural tremor, action tremor; intention tremor.
