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PODS > Cancers > Flashcards

Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Describe non-polypopsis hereditary colorectal cancer

A

tumour site throughout colon rather than descending colon

Increase in extra colonic cancers in organs with high cell turnover

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2
Q

Define Non-polypopsis and polypopsis

A

non-polypopsis - few to no adenomas

polypopsis - multiple adenomas

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3
Q

Which organs have a high cell turnover

A

endometrium, ovary, stomach

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4
Q

Describe the 3 types of polyposis hereditary colorectal cancer

A

FAP- 100% risk of cancer, CHRPE
AFAP - later onset with fewer adenomas, associated with 5’ to 3’ mutations of APC gene
MAP- recessive inheritance, same clinical feature of AFAP

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5
Q

What is a CHRPE

A

Pigmented spot at the back of the eye

4 or more is dangerous

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6
Q

Outline the process of carcinogenesis

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of cells that leads to tumour formation

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7
Q

How can radiation lead to cancer?

A

DNA bases targeted by high energy radiation in high doses, eg. UV, Xray, Gamma rays

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8
Q

How can chemicals lead to cancer?

A

Bases in DNA damaged by oxidising/ alkylating agents.

Chemicals bind covalently to DNA to form DNA Adducts, causing cancer at particular sites

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9
Q

How can viruses lead to cancer?

A

Virus genome inserts near a host proto-oncogene causing overexpression and insertion of oncogene into host DNA

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10
Q

List the local effects of cancer

A 
Pressure on the tissues
Obstruction in hollow tissues
Tissue ulceration
Bleeding (haemorrhage)
Pain
Side effects of treatment
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11
Q

How may pain be caused from a cancer

A 
Pressure on nerves
Perineural infiltration (along fibre)
Bone pain (weaker)
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12
Q

List the systemic effects of cancer

A

Abnormal secretion of hormones (non- endocrine site)
Cachexia - severe unwanted weight loss
Paraneoplastic syndromes

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13
Q

Identify the concept of dysplasia

A

Pre-malignant change (earliest visualised)
Identified in epithelium
No invasion (till cancer)
Dis-organisation of cells

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14
Q

What features do disorgansied cells have

A

Increased nuclear activity
Increased mitotic activity
Abnormal mitoses

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15
Q

Explain the role of growth factors in the promotion of tumours

A

Polypeptide molecules that regulate cell growth and function
Bind to cell membrane receptors
Stimulate activation of intacellular signal transduction

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16
Q

Contrast autocrine and paracrine growth factors

A

Autocrine - cell carries receptor and secretes GF

Paracrine - GFs produced by neighbouring cells

17
Q

List the characteristics of benign tumours

A

Non-invasive growth factor
Usually encapsulates
No evidence of invasion/ metastasis
Cells similar to normal with similar function

18
Q

List the characteristics of malignant tumours

A 
Invasive growth pattern
No capsule
Abnormal cells
Loss of normal function
Evidence of spread
19
Q

Describe the process of metastasis

A

Tumour invades through basement membrane
Moves into extracelular matrix, connective tissue or cells
Invades blood vessels to other organs

20
Q

What are the most common sites of metastasis

A

Liver and bone marrow

21
Q

Describe the process of metastasis in blood vessels

A 
Adherence of tumour cells to blood vessels
Invasion from blood vessels
Invasion into tissue
Formation of metastasis
Clinical evidence
22
Q

Describe the process of metastasis in lymphatic vessels

A 
Adherence of tumour cells to lymph vessels endothelium
Invasion from lymphatics
Invasion into lymph node
Formation od metastasis in lymph node
Clinical evidence
23
Q

Describe the process of metastasis in by trans-coelomic spread

A

Spread of tumour cells across body cavities eg. pleural/ peritoneal
Rapid screening

24
Q

Which tumours spread by trans-coelomic

A

Lung, stomach, colon, ovary

25
Q

How may the immune system not recognise cancer cells

A

Cancer cells can hide from T cells
-PD1 present on T lymphocytes (programmed death receptor)
Ligand PDL-1 on tumour blinds tumour
T cell action is suppressed

26
Q

What is an adenoma / adenoma carcinoma

A

Cancer of the glandular tissue

27
Q

What is a squamos papilloma / carcinoma

A

Benign/ malignant cancer of the squamos

thin flat endothelial cells

28
Q

What is an osteoma/ osteo-carcinoma

A

Cancer of the bone

29
Q

What is a lipoma/ lipoma- sarcoma

A

Benign/ malignant cancer of fat

30
Q

What is a fibroma/ fibro-sarcoma

A

Benign/ malignant cancer of the fibrous tissue

31
Q

What is leukaemia

A

Malignant cancer of WBC

32
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Malignant cancer of lymphoid

33
Q

What is an astrocytoma

A

Cancer of the CNS

34
Q

What is a schwannoma

A

Cancer of the PNS

35
Q

What is a teratomas

A

Cancer of the germ cells

PODS (15 decks)

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