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MFM I > Cancer Treatments and Therapies > Flashcards

Cancer Treatments and Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

Daignostic surgery

A
  • incisional biopsy: remove piece of suspicious area for examination
  • excisional biopsy: removal of entire suspicious area for examination
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2
Q

Staging surgery

A
  • removal of lymph nodes near cancer to determine if/where it has spread
  • important for tx and prognosis
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3
Q

Curative surgery

A
  • most common
  • complete removal of the tumor and some surrounding tissue
  • may be combined with radiation or chemotherapy
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4
Q

Debulking surgery

A
  • as much of tumor as possible is removed but not entire thing
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5
Q

Palliative surgery

A
  • relieve side effects caused by tumor

- can improve quality of life

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6
Q

Moh’s surgery

A
  • treats skin cancer
  • cancer removed one layer at a time
  • each layer examined for cancerous cells
  • allows for preservation of healthy tissue around tumor
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7
Q

Mitotic inhibitors

A
  • Vinca Alkaloids: vincristine and vinblastine. Microtubule destabilizers
  • Taxanes: paclitaxel and docetaxal. Microtubule stabilizers
  • used to treat some forms of breast cancer, lung cancer, myelomas, lymphomas and leukemias
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8
Q

Anti-metabolites

A
  • Methotrexate and Fluorouracil
  • result in thymineless death of cells
  • used to treat leukemias, breast, ovarian and GI cancers
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9
Q

DNA damaging agents

A
  • Doxorubicin, Dactinomycin, alkylating agents such as streptozocin and busulfan
  • they cause damage to normal cells as well which can lead to other cancers
  • increased risk of leukemia years after treatment
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10
Q

Small molecule EGFR inhibitors

A
  • afatinib
  • erlotinib
  • gefitinib
  • used to treat small cell lung cancers
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11
Q

Small molecule inhibitors of Ras

A
  • Lonafarnib: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor which prevents Ras from anchoring in the PM
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12
Q

Small molecule Raf inhibitors

A
  • Dabrafenib
  • Vemurafenib
  • used to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations
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13
Q

Small molecule MEK inhibitors

A
  • Trametinib

- used to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations

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14
Q

Small molecule Jak Kinase inhibitors

A
  • Ruxolitinib
  • Tofacitinib
  • used to treat myelofibrosis
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15
Q

Small molecule inhibitors of SMO

A
  • Sonidegib
  • Vismodegib
  • treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma
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16
Q

Small molecule inhibitors of CDK4/6

A
  • Palbociclib

- treatment of metastatic breast cancer

17
Q

Small molecule inhibitors of BCR-ABL

A
  • Imatinib
  • Dasatinib
  • treatment of CML
18
Q

Antibody inhibitors of HER2

A
  • Trastuzumab
  • blocks dimerization of HER2 receptor
  • treatment of breast cancer
19
Q

Antibody inhibitors of EGFR

A
  • Cetuximab
  • Panitumumab
  • blocks receptor dimerization
  • treats squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and metastatic colorectal cancer
20
Q

Antibody inhibitors of VEGF

A
  • Bevacizumab
  • Ziv-aflibercept
  • sequester VEGF molecules so they can’t bind to receptor
  • treats metastatic forms of colorectal, cervical, renal cell, and NSCLC as well as glioblastoma
21
Q

Antibodies that induce cell death

A
  • Rituximab
  • binds to CD20 on B cells and mediates destruction by NK cells
  • treats some B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas
22
Q

Systemic radiation therapy

A
  • IV or by mouth
  • treats thyroid cancer
  • iodine, strontium, phosphorous
  • pt’s body becomes radioactive
23
Q

Internal radiation therapy

A
  • brachytherapy
  • radioactive seeds placed in tumor
  • treats some lung and prostate cancers
  • pt’s body becomes radioactive
24
Q

External radiation therapy (machine radiation therapy)

A
  • high energy rays directed at tumor
  • pt’s body does not become radioactive
  • gamma knife for small to medium brain tumors
  • proton therapy for prostate cancer and pediatric brain tumors
  • causes DNA damage that kills cells
25
Q

Immunotherapy

A
  • Affects 2 steps in process of T-cell recognition of cancer cells
  • Activation phase: CTLA-4 is expressed on T-cell and suppresses immune system, B7 (CD80) in on APC
  • Effector phase: PD-L1, inhibitor of PD-1, is expressed on tumor cells preventing T cell from killing tumor
26
Q

Ipilipmumab

A
  • Ab that inhibits CTLA-4

- allows activation of T cells and their recognition of cancer cells

27
Q

Nivolumab

A
  • Ab that inhibits PD-1
  • inhibits inhibitory interactions between PD-L1 on cancer and PD-1 on T cells
  • allows T cell to kill cancer cell

MFM I (10 decks)

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