Cancer Survivorship Flashcards
What is the trend of net survival for all cancers in the last 10 years?
Survival has increased since the 1980s, but then it flattens rather than continues to increase.
This is attributed to advancements in technology since the 1990s.
Define net survival?
Net survival is the survival rate after removing other causes of death, isolating cancer as the sole cause of mortality. It is also known as relative survival and is important when background mortality is high.
What determines cancer survival?
The stage of diagnosis is the primary determinant of survival. Early detection, such as in lung cancer, can lead to significantly better survival rates.
How efficient is the UK in referring people with cancer concerns?
Many people are referred quickly if cancer is suspected.
What is the effect of increased referrals for cancer diagnostics?
Increased referrals lead to a significant burden on the NHS, which struggles to cope with the influx, resulting in longer waiting times for patients.
What are the current cancer statistics in the UK?
Nearly 1 in 2 people born in the UK will get cancer in their lifetime, with over 1,000 new cases diagnosed every day. The number of new cases per year is projected to rise by 20%.
Why is it predicted that the number of cancer cases in the UK will rise by 20%?
The increase is attributed to an ageing population and improved survival rates, leading to a growing population of cancer survivors.
What is the expected trend of total survivors of malignant neoplasms in the UK from 2010 to 2040?
The number of survivors is expected to increase.
What does the prevalence of cancer types by sex in the UK from 2010 to 2040 indicate?
Prevalence has doubled for men and more than doubled for women, with over half of all female cancer survivors being breast cancer survivors.
What are the improvements in survival after childhood cancer in Britain?
Survival rates have increased, with the latest data indicating that 84% of childhood cancer survivors live at least 5 years post-diagnosis.
Why is there a need for long-term follow-up studies for childhood cancer survivors?
There is a need to address a wide spectrum of health and social outcomes that may be adversely affected by childhood cancer or its treatment.
What did the original British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS) comprise?
The original BCCSS comprised a population-based cohort of 17,981 individuals diagnosed with cancer before age 15, who survived at least 5 years from diagnosis.
What is the BCCSS?
The BCCSS is an ongoing program of studies investigating risks of specific causes of death and subsequent primary neoplasms among childhood cancer survivors.
What types of cancers were included in the BCCSS cohort?
The cohort included various types of childhood cancers.
What was the general objective of the BCCSS?
To estimate the risk of adverse health and social outcomes among survivors and investigate variations in relation to cancer type and treatment.
What are the specific objectives of the BCCSS?
Objectives include investigating long-term survival, risks of second primary neoplasms, organ toxicity, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, health service use, smoking and drinking habits, educational attainment, and self-evaluated health status among survivors.
How are observed and expected deaths calculated in the BCCSS?
Expected deaths are calculated using demographic characteristics of the cohort and compared with observed deaths, revealing that observed deaths are significantly higher than expected.
What are the main causes of death in childhood cancer survivors?
Main long-term causes include secondary primary cancers and circulatory cancers.
What is the Absolute Excess Risk of death from specific causes in the BCCSS?
The Absolute Excess Risk of death is calculated by comparing observed deaths to expected deaths over time, with recurrence of cancer dominating initial years post-diagnosis.
How do you calculate absolute risk of death?
Absolute excess risk is calculated as ([O-E]/person years at risk) x 10,000.
What dominates the cause for the excess number of observed deaths in the initial years after cancer diagnosis?
The occurrence of cancer.
What percentage of deaths are due to secondary and primary neoplasms and circulatory disease after 45 years of diagnosis?
3/4 of deaths.
How do you calculate absolute risk of death?
Absolute excess risk = ([O-E]/person years at risk) x 10,000.
What does the unbroken line in the bowel cancer risk graph represent?
The risk of bowel cancer in individuals who were survivors of childhood cancer and received external beam radiation.
