cancer risk and recognition

Question 1

what is primary prevention?

Answer 1

focus on identifying and modifying risk factors; involves patient teaching to avoid known carcinogen and adapt a healthy lifestyle

Question 2

what nutrient can reduce colon cancer risk ?

Answer 2

fiber intake

Question 3

what foods are linked to esophageal and gastric cancers?

Answer 3

smoked and nitrate cured foods

Question 4

what cancers can vitamin A help reduce the risk of development?

Answer 4

esophageal, laryngeal, and lung cancer

Question 5

what type of cancer is obesity linked to?

Answer 5

uterine, gallbladder, and colon cancer

Question 6

cigarettes and cigars are linked to…?

Answer 6

lung, bladder, and colon cancer

Question 7

smokeless tobacco is linked to what types of cancer?

Answer 7

oral, lip, and throat cancer

Question 8

large amounts of alcohol can be linked to what kind of cancer?

Answer 8

liver cancer

Question 9

alcohol plus smoking can increase the risk of what cancers?

Answer 9

esophageal, laryngeal, oral, and pharyngeal cancers

Question 10

what precautions should patients take to prevent skin cancer?

Answer 10

avoid overexposure to the sun, wear protective clothing and sunscreen SPF 30 or above

Question 11

secondary prevention

Answer 11

focuses on early screening and detection to achieve early diagnosis and prompt intervention

Question 12

how can breast cancer be detected?

Answer 12

mammogram

Question 13

how can prostate cancer be detected?

Answer 13

PSA test

Question 14

how can cervical cancer be detected?

Answer 14

pap smear exam

Question 15

how can colorectal cancer be detected?

Answer 15

cologuard

Question 16

what is the blood work for tumor markers used for?

Answer 16

not for definitive diagnosis, but for evaluation of the disease, monitoring response to treatment, or detect recurrence

Question 17

what are abnormal changes that should be further evaluated?

Answer 17

change in bowel/bladder habits
sores that do not heal
unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
lump in the breast or other area
indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
change in a wart or mole
nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 18

tertiary prevention

Answer 18

emphasis on treatment, management on side effect, and reduction of morbidity and mortality; pain management; counseling and support groups

Question 19

what would be an abnormality in a colonoscopy?

Answer 19

mass, bleeding, polyps

Question 20

what would be an abnormality in a mammogram?

Answer 20

mass, cysts

Question 21

what would be an abnormality in a prostate exam?

Answer 21

enlarged prostate, elevated PSA

Question 22

what would be an abnormality in a pap smear?

Answer 22

hyperplasia or dysplasia

Question 23

what is staging?

Answer 23

a classification system based on the tumor size, burden of disease and extent of spread

Question 24

what does T mean?

Answer 24

tumor

Question 25

how is a tumor staged?

Answer 25

T0 = no evidence of tumor Tis = carcinoma in situ (not spread) T1,2,3,4 = size and extent of tumor TX = cannot be evaluated

Question 26

what does N mean?

Answer 26

has the cancer spread to the lymph nodes

Question 27

how to stage regional lymph nodes?

Answer 27

NX = cannot be evaluated N0 = no regional lymph node involvement N1,2,3 = involvement of lymph nodes (number and extent)

Question 28

what does M mean?

Answer 28

has the cancer metastasized

Question 29

how to stage distant metastasis?

Answer 29

MX = cannot be evaluated M0 = no distant metastasis M1 = distant metastasis

Question 30

grade I histological analysis

Answer 30

cells differ slightly from normal and are well differentiated (localized)

Question 31

grade II histological analysis

Answer 31

cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated (early local advancment)

Question 32

grade III histological analysis

Answer 32

cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated (late locally advanced)

Question 33

grade IV histological analysis

Answer 33

cells are immature and primitive; tissue of origin difficult to determine (metastasized)

Question 34

tissue of origin of carcinomas

Answer 34

epithelial tissue tumors (skin, kidney, breast)

Question 35

tissue of origin of sarcomas

Answer 35

connective tissue

Question 36

tissue of origin are lymphomas and leukemias

Answer 36

hematopoietic tissue (blood cancer)

Question 37

tissue of origin of multiple myeloma

Answer 37

plasma cells

Question 38

what type of tumors are carcinomas and sarcomas?

Answer 38

solid tumor malignancies (masses)

Question 39

what type of tumors are leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma?

Answer 39

hematological malignancies (liquid tumors)