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foundations exam 5 > cancer risk and recognition > Flashcards

cancer risk and recognition Flashcards

1
Q

what is primary prevention?

A

focus on identifying and modifying risk factors; involves patient teaching to avoid known carcinogen and adapt a healthy lifestyle

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2
Q

what nutrient can reduce colon cancer risk ?

A

fiber intake

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3
Q

what foods are linked to esophageal and gastric cancers?

A

smoked and nitrate cured foods

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4
Q

what cancers can vitamin A help reduce the risk of development?

A

esophageal, laryngeal, and lung cancer

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5
Q

what type of cancer is obesity linked to?

A

uterine, gallbladder, and colon cancer

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6
Q

cigarettes and cigars are linked to…?

A

lung, bladder, and colon cancer

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7
Q

smokeless tobacco is linked to what types of cancer?

A

oral, lip, and throat cancer

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8
Q

large amounts of alcohol can be linked to what kind of cancer?

A

liver cancer

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9
Q

alcohol plus smoking can increase the risk of what cancers?

A

esophageal, laryngeal, oral, and pharyngeal cancers

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10
Q

what precautions should patients take to prevent skin cancer?

A

avoid overexposure to the sun, wear protective clothing and sunscreen SPF 30 or above

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11
Q

secondary prevention

A

focuses on early screening and detection to achieve early diagnosis and prompt intervention

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12
Q

how can breast cancer be detected?

A

mammogram

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13
Q

how can prostate cancer be detected?

A

PSA test

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14
Q

how can cervical cancer be detected?

A

pap smear exam

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15
Q

how can colorectal cancer be detected?

A

cologuard

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16
Q

what is the blood work for tumor markers used for?

A

not for definitive diagnosis, but for evaluation of the disease, monitoring response to treatment, or detect recurrence

17
Q

what are abnormal changes that should be further evaluated?

A

change in bowel/bladder habits
sores that do not heal
unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
lump in the breast or other area
indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
change in a wart or mole
nagging cough or hoarseness

18
Q

tertiary prevention

A

emphasis on treatment, management on side effect, and reduction of morbidity and mortality; pain management; counseling and support groups

19
Q

what would be an abnormality in a colonoscopy?

A

mass, bleeding, polyps

20
Q

what would be an abnormality in a mammogram?

A

mass, cysts

21
Q

what would be an abnormality in a prostate exam?

A

enlarged prostate, elevated PSA

22
Q

what would be an abnormality in a pap smear?

A

hyperplasia or dysplasia

23
Q

what is staging?

A

a classification system based on the tumor size, burden of disease and extent of spread

24
Q

what does T mean?

A

tumor

25
Q

how is a tumor staged?

A

T0 = no evidence of tumor
Tis = carcinoma in situ (not spread)
T1,2,3,4 = size and extent of tumor
TX = cannot be evaluated

26
Q

what does N mean?

A

has the cancer spread to the lymph nodes

27
Q

how to stage regional lymph nodes?

A

NX = cannot be evaluated
N0 = no regional lymph node involvement
N1,2,3 = involvement of lymph nodes (number and extent)

28
Q

what does M mean?

A

has the cancer metastasized

29
Q

how to stage distant metastasis?

A

MX = cannot be evaluated
M0 = no distant metastasis
M1 = distant metastasis

30
Q

grade I histological analysis

A

cells differ slightly from normal and are well differentiated (localized)

31
Q

grade II histological analysis

A

cells are more abnormal and moderately differentiated (early local advancment)

32
Q

grade III histological analysis

A

cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated (late locally advanced)

33
Q

grade IV histological analysis

A

cells are immature and primitive; tissue of origin difficult to determine (metastasized)

34
Q

tissue of origin of carcinomas

A

epithelial tissue tumors (skin, kidney, breast)

35
Q

tissue of origin of sarcomas

A

connective tissue

36
Q

tissue of origin are lymphomas and leukemias

A

hematopoietic tissue (blood cancer)

37
Q

tissue of origin of multiple myeloma

A

plasma cells

38
Q

what type of tumors are carcinomas and sarcomas?

A

solid tumor malignancies (masses)

39
Q

what type of tumors are leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma?

A

hematological malignancies (liquid tumors)

foundations exam 5 (7 decks)

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