Cancer- Regulation of a cancer cell

Question 0

What is the most common type of DNA damage?

Answer 0

single-strand break
Problmes caused by single strand replication:
stalled replication
problems with transcription which leads to altered translation and protein expression.

Question 1

What causes DNA damage?

Answer 1

UV rays
X-rays
radial-rays
although various things both-man made and natural, can damage DNA

Question 2

What is the other type of DNA damage?

Answer 2

Double strand:

x-rays or radial-rays usually cause this mutation, double strand breaks cause the most damage to DNA.

Question 3

What could some potential problems be from double strand breaks?

Answer 3

stalled replication/problems with transcription and can lead to altered translation and protein expression/Loss or gain of chromatids/ chromosomal translocation/ all mutations can promote cancer

Question 4

What is the one physical protection our cells give us?

Answer 4

the epithilial cells create a mechanism used by a cell to shiels agaisnt things that are harmful to the DNA. These cells make a pigment called melanin that actually absorb some of the UV to protect our cells.

Question 5

What is another way that cells can protect the body from DNA damage?

Answer 5

All cells have a molecular repair mechanism within the cell at the level of the DNA.

Question 6

what are the proteins included in step one of DNA repair?

Answer 6

Signal proteins/ sensor proteins/ trnasducers and effector proteins

Question 7

what does the signal protein do in DNA repair?

Answer 7

This protein signals to the sensors that that there is damage in the DNA.

Question 8

what do the effectors do in DNA repair?

Answer 8

these are the proteins that confirm that there is damage in the cell.

Question 9

what are the transducers job in DNA repair?

Answer 9

the transducer then sends a signal to the effectors saying there is a break in the DNA

Question 10

What is the job of the effectors?

Answer 10

This protein tells the whole cell there is DNA damage and also begins checkpoint acivition.

Question 11

What is step two of DNA repair?

Answer 11

effectors activate checkpoints and the cell goes through to find the damaged DNA.

Question 12

what is the final step of the repair of damaged DNA?

Answer 12

after completing all the checkpoints, DNA repair will go through a very long and complex process involving many proteins.

Question 13

What is Xeroderma pigmentosa?

Answer 13

mutation that prevents repair of damaged DNA because o UV radiation.

Question 14

what are ways that cell scan suppress p53?

Answer 14

mutate it to where it can’t function any more.
delete p53 altogether
overpress some proteins that suppress p53 function (mdm2/ mdmx)

Question 15

what is so special about the relationship of mdm2 and mdmx?

Answer 15

they can both do almost all the same things.

Question 16

What does a radial mutation look like?

Answer 16

looks like a Y shape

Question 17

what is a chromatid break?

Answer 17

when one of the chromatid has a break in it becaause of a mutation.

Question 18

what is a fusion?

Answer 18

when to chromosomes join together.

Question 19

What a re the two bas pairs for DNA

Answer 19

adenine-thymine

guanocine- cytosine

Question 20

what are the three ways a mutations to your DNA can affect your cells?

Answer 20

this mutation can either be:
silent
harmful
beneficial

Question 21

what are the three Rs of DNA repair?

Answer 21

recognize
remove
replace

Question 22

What is the central Dogma?

Answer 22

this is a process cells gothrought to make proteins.when DNA is replicated then transcribed into RNA and then is translated into proteins.

Question 23

what are the three types of RNA in included in translation? and what are their functions?

Answer 23

mRNA- keeps the base pairs in order to create the correct amino acids for the the new protein
rRNA-links the mRNA with the tRNA
tRNA- using the anticodon on the rna it matches up with the mRNA codon to place the correct amino acid to form a new protein.

Question 24

What is the stop and start codons for translation?

Answer 24

the start codon is AUG | the stop codons are UAG, UGA, and UAA

Question 25

What are the three types of mutations for DNA?

Answer 25

Substitution-base pair is replaced with another insertion-base pair is added into the DNA sequence deletion- base pairs are deleted from the sequence

Question 26

What are the results of these three mutations?

Answer 26

Subsitution- changes one amino acid | insertion or deletion- causes frameshift

Question 27

what are the two genes called that usually have something to do with cancer?

Answer 27

tumor-suppressor genes- will stop cell growth and cancer cells require both genes in the cell to be mutated for cancer to work. proto-oncogene: will stimulate cell growth these are called oncogenes when the cell grows continuously.

Question 28

What steps does cancer take to take over a cell?

Answer 28

early-polyp: loos of tumor suppressors polyp:mutation of proto-oncogene late polyp: loss of two additional tumor suppressor genes. malignant tumor: inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor

Question 29

how are oncogenes activated

Answer 29

``` they are activated by mutations like: insertional mutagenesis point mutagenesis amplfication translocation ```

Question 30

where is N-myc usually amplified?99999

Answer 30

in the nueroblastoma

Question 31

what are examples of oncogenes?

Answer 31

N-myc, C-myc, Src, H-Ras

Question 32

what are oncogenes?

Answer 32

proteins that have the potential to cause cancer by making the cell continue to groow.

Question 33

what\how can tumor suppressor genes cause cancer

Answer 33

they have the potential to cause cancer by not stopping a cells growth.

Question 34

What do tumor suppressor do for the cell?

Answer 34

they can stop the cell cycle they can fix DNA damage they can cause apoptosis

Question 35

what are the most well known tumor suppresors?

Answer 35

p53 and RB

Question 36

What does p53 do

Answer 36

allows DNA repair or causes cell death: if moderate damage- it stops the cell from dividing and activates DNA repair enzymes. If severe DNA damage- causes cell death

Question 37

What does RB do?

Answer 37

A normal cell has two RB genes what it does is hold on to proto-oncogenes until a protein comes along to tell the RB it can let it go and begin cell division

Question 38

what are the three types of cell death

Answer 38

apoptosis: suicide or programmed death autophagy- in response to cell stress necrosis:pathological cell killing- decay and destruction

Question 39

compare and contrast necrosis and apoptosis?

Answer 39

Necrosis: cellular swelling/ membranes are broken down/ATP is deleted/cell lyses causing an inflammatory response/ DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis: cellular condensation/membranes remain intact/ Requires ATP/cell is phagocytosed/ ladder-like DNA fragments

Question 40

what are characteristics of Apoptosis?

Answer 40

shrinks blebbing phagocyte signals nucleus breaks down

Question 41

What is the importance of Apoptosis?

Answer 41

``` embryo development maturing organisms Virus infected cells immune systems DNA damage ```

Question 42

What are caspases?

Answer 42

proteins the degrade other proteins

Question 43

What is the extrinsic pathway

Answer 43

death ligand, death recoptor, caspase 8 and 3, call death

Question 44

what is the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 44

Mitochondria, Cytochrome C, Apoptosome complex, then caspases, cell death

Question 45

What is Bcl-2?

Answer 45

Is a small protein withinna family of Bcl proteins that play a crucial role in apoptosis

Question 46

what are the two groups for the Bcl family?

Answer 46

pro-survival: anti-apoptosis | pro-apoptosis: anti-survival

Question 47

What are the pro-survival Bcl proteins?

Answer 47

Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl

Question 48

What are the pro-apoptotic proteins

Answer 48

Bax and Bak

Question 49

What is Bcl-2 function?as well as Bak and Bax

Answer 49

Bcl-2 blocks both from the mitochondrion | while Bak and Bax activate cytochrome C which activates the rest of the pathway.

Question 50

What is BH3's job?

Answer 50

BH3 blocks Bcl-2 from blocking bak and bax which in turn means that it is a pro-apoptotic cell.