Cancer

Question 0

what doe srenal mean?

Answer 0

kideny

Question 1

What is metastasis?

Answer 1

When cancer cells are in the blood stream or lymph system.

Question 2

what is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 2

Benign: the structure of the organ is a typical structure, encapsulated, slow growth, no metasis.
Malignant: Atypical structure, locally invasive, rapid and erotic growth, metasis.

Question 3

What is endriodemisis?

Answer 3

when cancer cells brind blood cells in to get nutrients

Question 4

What is histology?

Answer 4

the microscopic study of biological material.

Question 5

what are the three germ layers?

Answer 5

Ectoderm- outer layer
Endoderm- inner layer
Mesoderm- middle layer

Question 6

what is the epithelium area?

Answer 6

comprised of cells that are from the endo- and ectoderm

Question 7

what is the most common cancer class and why?

Answer 7

Carcinoma, because it is the cancer of skin tissue and that is the layer that comes into contact with everything increasing the chance of getting cancer.

Question 8

What is Leukimia, Blastoma, enocarcinoma, and sarcoma?

Answer 8

Leukimia- cnacer in the blood system
Blastoma- orginates in the embryonic tissue
Enocarcinoma- originates in glandular tissue
Sarcoma- originates in connective tissue

Question 9

What is teratoma?

Answer 9

has multiple tisse types

Question 10

What is the grading part of cancer?

Answer 10

It is the degree of differentiation, Higher grade means leass degree wich is bad.
There are one through four grades

Question 11

what is staging in cancer explain?

Answer 11

This is a system of TNM (tumors, lymph nodes and metasis)

There are stages for each category.

Question 12

what are the staes of the cell cycle?

Answer 12

PPMAT

Question 13

Describe what each stage of the cell cycle does ( includine in interphase)?

Answer 13

G1- Growth of the cell
S- synthesis of the DNA
G2- More growth and prep for mitosis
prophase- when the centrioles move to the poles of the cell and the mitotic spindle forms
prometaphase- the nuclear enevelope breaks down and the spindle connects to the centromere of the chromosome.
metaphase - chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell.
anaphase- the sister chromatids are seperated and move to opposite poles
telophase- the chromatid then reaches the pole and a nuclear enevelope forms around the DNA.
Cytokinesis- the cytoplasm splits and now there are two cells

Question 14

what are the four checkpoints for the normal cell cycle? and how could these proteins cause a cell to turn cancerous?

Answer 14

RAD- checks to make sure the cell is big enough for cell division. If there are too many rad proteins the cell will just think that it is big enough an move on. Same case for if there are not enough
P53- Gardian of the genome, checks to make sure that all the DNA is correct.
ATM/nibrin- it makes sure the cell has replicated the DNA after S phase correctly.
MAD 1- During metaphase it checks to see if the chromatid are all lined up correctly.

Question 15

what are quiescent cells?

Answer 15

cells that are in Gzero phase

Question 16

what is immunohistochemistry?

Answer 16

Acts as the ELISA test uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in cells of a tissue

Question 17

What is hyperpalasia?

Answer 17

when the cells in tissue grow in number

Question 18

what is hypertrophy/ Atrophy?

Answer 18

hyper- is when cells become too big

A- is whne cells become too small

Question 19

What is metaplasia?

Answer 19

the exchange of normal epithelium cells for another type of epi. cells.

Question 20

what is dysplasia?

Answer 20

it is a disordered growth and maturation of epithelium cells.

Question 21

what causes DNA damage?

Answer 21

UV rays
X rays
y-rays

Question 22

what are the two types of DNA damage?

Answer 22

Single-strand brreaks and double strand-breaks

Question 23

what problems could occur with double strand breaks?

Answer 23

Stalled replication
problems with transcription
loss or gain of chromatids or segments of chromatids

Question 24

what is chromosomal translocation?

Answer 24

when a part of a chromosome breaks off and is then placed on another chromose.

Question 25

how do our cells protect us from the sun?

Answer 25

Our cells have ways to protet and repair DNA:

physical protection- mechanism used by a cell to shield against things that are harmful to DNA.

Question 26

WHat is Melanin?

Answer 26

skin cell produce pigment to actually absorb some of the UV to protect our skin cells from getting damaged.

Question 27

what are the three steps of DNA repair?

Answer 27

1)Detection of damaged DNA
Transducers tell the effectors that there is a break
Effectors- tell the whole cell that there is DNA damage and activates DNA repair.
2)Checkpoint to allow for repair- Efffectors cause checkpoint activation.
3)Repair of the damaged DNA- after cell has arrested a checkpoint DNA repair will occur through a very complex process involving multiple proteins.

Question 28

what is Xeroderma Pigmentosa?

Answer 28

mutation that prevent DNA repair
prone to skin lesions
increased incidence of skin cancer like melanoma

Question 29

what are other mutations in DNA repairs that could cause disease?

Answer 29

NBS1- Njimejen Breakage Syndrome (NBS)
ATM- Ataxia Telangiectasia
p53-Li-fraumeni syndrome

Question 30

what is Mdm2 and Mdmx?

Answer 30

regulators that can control p53

Question 31

What is a comet assay?

Answer 31

A test to show how much damage is in the DNA by determining how far it travels?