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Clinical Nutrition 1 Final McGill Uni > Cancer NUTR > Flashcards

Cancer NUTR Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most significant factor contributing to cancer ?

A

Aging

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2
Q

What’s the most prevalent cancer in female and in male in CA?

A

breast and prostate

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3
Q

what is the most deadly cancer in female and in male in CA?

A

both is lung

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4
Q

def. mutation

A
  • structure change

- in the base pair sequence of DNA

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5
Q

what are two types of mutation

A
  • inherited ( BRCA1–> breast & ovarian cancer)

- exogenous factors

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6
Q

polymorohyisms is

A
  • structure of gene varies among individuals

- weaker (probably silence) but more common than mutation

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7
Q

2 types of epigenetic change and example

A
  • methylation: at the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes
  • acetylation: chromatin folding
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8
Q

what is “nutritional genomics and proteomics”?

A

the interaction between diet and genes and their products

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9
Q

when and what the common modification behaviours occur”nutritional genomics and proteomics”?

A

epigenomics: protein transcription stage

and post translation modification

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10
Q

what are the top two factors affecting the genetic variability

A

tobacco

diet 7 obesity

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11
Q

differentiate incidence and prevalence

A 
incidence= new cases
Prevalence = all cases
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12
Q

why although breast/prostate cancer are the highest incidence, but they have lower death rate in CA?

A

they have early sign, so it is easier to monitor and find at early stage

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13
Q

what is the general trend terms of cancer incidence in CA?

A

after age standardized decreases in M and slightly increases in F

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14
Q

what is the general conclusion in terms of cancer incidence in CA?

A

Compared to the adjusted data, there is no big change since 1987

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15
Q

what is the general trend terms of cancer mortality in CA? why?

A
  • The mortality is decreased in both gender (after age-adjustment)
  • better treatment and diagnosis
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16
Q

what is/are the top deadly cancer(s) [no less than 15%] for pop younger than 29

A

brain and blood-type cancers

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17
Q

what is/are the top deadly cancer(s) [ no less than 10%] for pop older than 30

A

*30-49: breast, lung and colorectal

50+: lung

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18
Q

what is/are the top deadly cancer(s) for pop older than 30

A

*30-49: breast and lung

50+: lung

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19
Q

what is the trend of death due to in terms of aging?

A

from young to old, more and more (increased prevalence)

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20
Q

what is the general trend of cancer incidence in developed vs developing countires? any exception (2+1)?

A
  • higher incidence in developed countries

- yes. Liver cancer and oesophagus cancer (in female, + cervix cancer)

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21
Q

what is descriptive study addressing diet and cancer? what’s the limitation?

A
  • compare the cancer rate in population with different diets

- just for general hypothesis, b/c there are many viarables

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22
Q

what is case-control study addressing diet and cancer? what’s the limitation?

A
  • compared the diets between the cancer pt’s (previous) and the control’s (no cancer)
  • possible recall bias and selection bias
  • hard to measure rapidly fatal cancers
23
Q

what is prospective cohort study addressing diet and cancer? what’s the limitation?

A
  • incidence of cancer is compared in people whose diet (or other factors) is determined before follow-up begins
  • the cost of time and money would be high. It would be a large sample size with very long timeline. it is hard for rare types of cancer.
24
Q

what is interventional study addressing diet and cancer? what’s the limitation?

A
  • incidence of cancer in 2 groups randomised to specific interventions is compared
  • adherence is difficult
  • hard to keep the blinding
  • may involve the ethical issue of dosage, etc
25
Q

rank the 4 studies strength of association (diet & cancer)

A

D C P I

26
Q

which type of study can really establish the causal relationship between the diet and cancer development

A

interventional

27
Q

three types of common research methods

A

FFQ
biomarker
systemetic review & meta-analysis

28
Q

when is more susceptible period to cancer?

A

fast growth periods:

conceptus to fetus, pre-puberty

29
Q

adult height reflects ___

A

pre-adult nutrition

30
Q

adult weight reflects ___

A

positive energy balance later in life

31
Q

why saying the taller people may expose to higher risk of cancer?

A

taller = better pre-adult nutrition = more susceptible to breast and colon cancer

32
Q

why saying the women with earlier menarche may expose to higher risk of breast cancer?

A

early menarche = good nutrition during pre-puberty= more susceptible to cancer

33
Q

F/T obesity to the female increases risk of breast cancer

A

F

only after menopause

34
Q

what are top 3 cancers associated with obesity in the female

A
  1. breast (post-meno)
  2. corpus uteri
  3. colon
35
Q

CN women from 65 counties vs US women–> fat & breast cancer: What’s type of study?

A

prospective

36
Q

fat intake & breast cancer: conclusions (3)

A
  • no association between fat intake and breast cancer
  • one study: positive study between animal fat intake and breast cancer
  • low-fat diet does not helpful
37
Q

T/F High fat intake is associated with high risk of cancer

A

F

colon cancer

38
Q

fat intake & colon cancer: conclusion (1)

A

maybe more relate to excess energy intake => ++ weight, – PA

39
Q

Meat vs colorectal cancer: conclusion (2) & mechanisms respectively

A

red meat + colorectal cancer risk (+12-17%, 100g/day): 1) heme promotes formation of N-nitroso compounds 2) cooking methods: generate poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons & hetero-cyclic amines

processed meat + colorectal cancer(25g/day, + ~49%): preservatives–> nitrates, salt

40
Q

T/F choosing lean lean to prevent the cancer

A

unknown

no recommendation yet

41
Q

Pt Mr. XO: so do I have to stop eating red meat b/c of the increased risk of cancer?
You:__

A

Not necessary. Based on the original risk of cancer to general people, which is low, the increase is very small.

42
Q

T/F animal products in general diet usually increases the risk of cancer

A

F:

consumption of milk and dairy products inversely associates with colon cancer.

43
Q

T/F Eating a lot F/V is a very good way to prevent cancer

A

T but the evidence in epidemiological studies is not very strong. Prospective studies found a weak association.

44
Q

Dietary fibres vs cancer: conclusion

A
  • high fibre intake, low rate of colon cancer
45
Q

Dietary fibres vs cancer: mechanism

A

dilute or bind potential carcinogens, limit contact w/ mucosa, serve as a substrate to flora producing short-chain fatty acids

46
Q

EtOH vs cancer: conclusion(2) and mechanisms

A
  1. it causes upper-GI cancer and liver, especially combined with cigarette smoking:
    direct contact and toxicity in the liver
  2. increase risk of breast an colon cancer: anti-folate effet of EtOH in methyl-poor diet
47
Q

Ca vs cancer: conclusion and mechanism

A

Ca intake - colon cancer risk: binding toxic secondary bile acids and ionized FAs (prevent reabsorption), reduce proliferation and induce apoptosis in mucosal cells

48
Q

Vitamin D vs Cancer: conclusion(2)

A
  • interest generated by observations of low risks of breast, colon and prostate CA in pop. w/ greater sun exposure
  • also might be important to limit cancer progression
49
Q

T/F vitamin D intake is the main evidence that are generally inversely related to the cancer

A

F
Circulating level of 25(OH)D is the main evidence that are generally inversely related to breast, prostate and colon cancer. Data for other types of cancer are less consistent

50
Q

Vitamin C, E and selenium vs Cancer: conclusion

A
  • potential have antioxidant effect that can lower the risk

- but epigenetic studies and interventional trials trials did not show a support role to cancer risk

51
Q

folate vs Cancer: conclusion (2)

A
  • lower the risk of colon, breast and cervical cancer

- supplementation does not support the beneficial role

52
Q

T/F folate supplements benefit the one with colon cancer

A

F

it can be harmful b/c it may incr. the recurrence of adenomas

53
Q

beta-carotene vs Cancer: conclusion

A
  • intake of supplments –> null or increase the risk in smokers and and other adverse effects especially when combined with EtOH

Clinical Nutrition 1 Final McGill Uni (8 decks)

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