Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EXMD 504 Biology of Cancer > Cancer Metabolism > Flashcards

Cancer Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are some cancer hallmarks?

A

Resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, evading growth suppressors, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, proliferative signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some emerging hallmarks?

A

Avoiding immune destruction, tumor-promoting inflammation, genome instability and mutation, deregulating cellular energetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In ______________ organisms, proliferative metabolism is driven by an abundance of nutrients and the conversion of sugar to ethanol and biomass
In _______________ organisms, proliferative metabolism is driven by growth signal and glycolysis

A

Unicellular; multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differentiated cell metabolism relies on ____________ in the presence of oxygen

A

OxPhos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Differentiated cell metabolism relies on _______________ _____________ in the absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proliferative tissue or tumors will undergo ____________ ____________ in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

Aerobic glycolysis (or the Warburg effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do tumors choose aerobic glycolysis?

A

Less ATP produced, glycolytic intermediates used for producing nucleotides, lipids and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false: OxPhos does not occur in tumors

A

False, there is OxPhos in tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tumors are ______________ in cell metabolism

A

Heterogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Protein synthesis is related to cell metabolism in nutrient-____________ conditions
Oxidation of fatty acids is related to cell metabolism in nutrient-____________ conditions

A

Replete; deprived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some signaling pathways that regulate cancer metabolism?

A

Amino acid transporters control protein synthesis
Growth factors regulate cancer metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The carbon source for cancer is _____________

A

Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the following cancer model systems rely on glutamine or glucose metabolism?
i. 3D culture
ii. Slice culture
iii. Standard culture
iv. Animal model

A

i. Glutamine
ii. Glucose
iii. Glutamine
iv. Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which models are useful for tractability or physiological relevance?
i. Standard culture
ii. Animal
iii. Slice culture
iv. 3D culture

A

i. Tractability
ii. Physiological relevance
iii. Physiological relevance
iv. Tractability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which method is used to image cells that rely on glucose metabolism?

A

FDG-PET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false: Prostate cancer does not rely on glucose metabolism and FDG-PET fails to image prostate tumors

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which tumor imaging method can be used to observe prostate cancer?

A

C-acetate-PET or C-choline-PET/CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___________ fat diet in mice promotes ___________ glycolysis in prostate cancer

A

High; aerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the indicator that mice fed with high fat diet had developed prostate cancer?

A

Increase in G6P and lactate, indicating the cells were taking up more glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false: Mice can develop prostate cancer spontaneously

A

False, they have to be genetically engineered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pemetrexed is similar to which molecule?

A

Folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pemetrexed is used to block nucleotide biosynthesis of purine nucleotides such as _____________ and _____________ by preventing the ___________ cycle

A

Adenosine; guanosine; folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the anti-metabolites used to block purine nucleotide synthesis?

A

6-MP and 6-TG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pemetrexed can also block pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis of ____________, ___________ and ____________

A

Uridine; thymidine; cytidine

25
Q

Brequinar and Leflunomide are anti-metabolites used to block the ________________ nucleotide synthesis

A

Pyrimidine

26
Q

Mutations in IDH lead to DNA ________________ by blocking the activity of __________________ enzymes

A

Hypermethylation; TET2

27
Q

Frequencies of IDH1/2 mutations vary in _______________ types of cancer

A

Different

28
Q

Can IDH mutations be clinically targeted?

A

Yes

29
Q

Epigenetic modifications rely on metabolites like _________________ and ________________

A

NAD+; Acetyl-CoA

30
Q

The combination of _____________ cycle and _____________ cycle form the one-carbon metabolism, important for the methylation or de-methylation of DNA

A

Folate; methionine

31
Q

Metabolomics measure and interpret the changes in the _____________, the entire repertoire of _____________ molecules

A

Metabolome; small

32
Q

Metabolomics integrate _____________ genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic variation with ______________, the phenotype

A

Upstream; exposome

33
Q

Associate the following approaches to observing metabolites with their category: dynamic, static or imaging
i. Fluxomics
ii. CT or MRI/PET
iii. Global untargeted/targeted metabolic profiling (LC-MS/MS)

A

i. Dynamic
ii. Imaging
iii. Static

34
Q

Different cell types in the tumor microenvironment ____________ metabolites

A

Share

35
Q

Which amino acids are used by TAMs to produce Kyn and help Treg cells to suppress Teff cells?

A

Tryptophan and arginine

36
Q

True or false: Nutrient symbiosis is the same as nutrient sharing

A

True

37
Q

High fat diet in mice promotes ___________ and __________ infiltration by increasing ___________

A

TAMs; Treg; Kyn

38
Q

Which factors influence the cancer process?

A

Host, environmental and diet/lifestyle factors

39
Q

Which growth factor is increased in high fat diet and promotes cell proliferation?

A

IGF-1

40
Q

Which genetic alteration led to a tumor response to high fat diet?
i. PTEN loss and PTPN1 WT
ii. PTEN loss and PTPN1 loss

A

ii

41
Q

In mice, a diet rich in saturated fat led to a(n) _______________ in tumor burden at 36 weeks of age

A

Increase

42
Q

Research showed that metabolic programming occurs ____________ cancer invasion

A

Before

43
Q

How does prehabilitation help patients undergoing surgery for cancer treatment?

A

Change in physical activity and diet improves the effect of the surgery on the patient

44
Q

What is the benefit of ionizing radiation as treatment?

A

Increases the double stranded DNA breaks in the replicating cells

45
Q

Dietary methionine has an effect on cancer growth when it was combined with ________________

A

Radiation

46
Q

5-FU is an __________________ drug that is used for treatment of cancer

A

Antimetabolite

47
Q

5-FU exerts its anticancer effects through inhibition of ___________________ ___________________ and incorporation of its metabolites into RNA and DNA

A

Thymidylate synthase

48
Q

Disruption of the one-carbon metabolism with _______________ restriction contributes to inhibition of redox and nucleotide metabolism

A

Methionine

49
Q

Which molecule blocks the synthesis of DNA, RNA, thymidylates and proteins via inhibition of the folate cycle?

A

Methotrexate

50
Q

If the cells were treated with SLC19A1, what is the outcome?

A

They would proliferate less since Methotrexate is being transported

51
Q

The _______________ degradation pathway influences the sensitivity of cancer cells to methotrexate

A

Histidine

52
Q

The loss of which molecule leads to the constitutively active state of PI3K?

A

PTEN

53
Q

_______________ feedback and increase in _______________ uptake in cancer cells reduced with the activity of PI3K inhibitors

A

Insulin; glucose

54
Q

_______________ diet and PI3K inhibitors deplete the glycogen stores and limits the release of glucose from the liver

A

Ketogenic

55
Q

PI3K pathway can also be paired with ___________ inhibition to limit the release of glucose

A

SGLT2

56
Q

Checkpoint blockade works by releasing a natural ______________ on T cells so they can recognize and attack ___________ cells

A

Brake; tumor

57
Q

The increase of PD-1 led to the decrease of proliferation of ___________ T cells

A

CD8+

58
Q

_____________ is a potential mediator of immune dysfunction and tumor progression that can be reversed by PD-1 checkpoint _____________

A

Obesity; inhibition

EXMD 504 Biology of Cancer (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions