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EXMD 504 Biology of Cancer > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Cancer can be caused by ___________ that affect different parts of the body or inflammation

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Which cancers are associated with viruses?

A

Cervical and liver cancer

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3
Q

True or false: Adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans, but can cause cancer in rodents

A

True

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4
Q

Adenovirus is ____-enveloped, icosahedral, 90 nm in diameter and _________

A

Non; linear

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5
Q

Which diseases are associated with adenovirus?

A

Acute respiratory illness, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, etc.

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6
Q

What effect does adenovirus have on the cells?

A

It causes them to lyse

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7
Q

What is the structure of adenovirus?

A

Icosahedral, protein capsid on the outside and double stranded genome

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8
Q

What important transcription factor was found in the genome of adenovirus type 2?

A

E1A

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9
Q

Which transcription factors do E1A bind to?

A

E2A, E2B, E3 and E4

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10
Q

What is the functional domain of E1A proteins that drives transcription of other viral genes?

A

CR3

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11
Q

How does E1A protein activate E2F transcription?

A

Rb binds to E1A and blocks binding to E2F (no repression of S phase genes)
E2F can activate S phase and E2 genes

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12
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is Rb present in?

A

G1/S phase

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13
Q

What cellular genes are involved in cell replication?

A

DNA polymerase, DNA synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, cyclins required for progression through the cell cycle

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14
Q

How does E1A induce apoptosis?

A

E1A bound to Rb allows E2 gene transcription, leading to p14 ARF gene
p14 binds to MDM and inactivates it, which stabilizes p53
p53 causes death of cells

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15
Q

What causes degradation of p53?

A

Binding to MDM

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16
Q

In p53 gene, where do mutations lie?

A

DNA binding domain

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17
Q

p53 induces expression of genes that __________ the cell cycle

A

Inhibit

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18
Q

How does E1B-55K inhibit p53?

A

Complex formation of E1B and E1A
E1B binds to p53 and inactivates it

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19
Q

E1B-19k has homology to cellular ______ which inhibits apoptosis

A

Bcl2

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20
Q

A polyomavirus is non-enveloped and ___________

A

Icosahedral

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21
Q

Which human pathologies are associated with polyomavirus infection?

A

JC virus, BK virus, MCV and SV40 monkey virus

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22
Q

What is a genetic feature of the polyomavirus?

A

They steal the histone proteins from the DNA sequence

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23
Q

What is the role of LgT protein?

A

Binds to pRB and allows the transcriptional activity of E2F

24
Q

True or false: papillomavirus is similar to polyomavirus

A

True

25
Q

What is the largest cancer caused by a virus in men and in women?

A

Men: Liver
Women: Cervix

26
Q

Cervical cancer is at a larger mortality rate in ________ income countries

A

Low

27
Q

What could prevent the large incidence rates of cervical cancer?

A

Screening

28
Q

True or false: Cervical cancer caused by HPV takes many months to develop after the initial viral infection

A

False, it takes many years

29
Q

Epidemiology of cervical cancer is similar to _______

A

STDs

30
Q

Viral DNA is present in __________ cervical carcinoma lesions

A

Primary

31
Q

Who are the HeLa cells named after?

A

Henrietta Lacks

32
Q

Which HPV types count for most of the cases of cervical cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

33
Q

What is used to form the vaccine against HPV infection?

A

HPV virus like particles made from L1 proteins

34
Q

What are the three HPV vaccines?

A

Gardacil, quadrivalent and 9-valent

35
Q

Which HPV types does Gardacil have an effect on?

A

HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV, 33, etc.

36
Q

True or false: All HPV types cause cervical cancer

A

False, some cause cervical cancer and others cause warts

37
Q

Papillomaviridae affect ________ cells

A

Basal

38
Q

What is the sensitivity of a conventional PAP smear?

A

70-80%

39
Q

Pap smear led to a reduction of what percentage in cervical cancer?

A

75%

40
Q

What does the PAP test detect?

A

Detects abnormal nucleated cells filled with keratin

41
Q

When is the PAP test done?

A

After the HPV infection

42
Q

When does hyperplasia of the cervical epithelium occur?

A

Within years of HPV infection

43
Q

What are the functions of HPV gene E1 and E2 products?

A

Viral DNA replication and transcription

44
Q

True or false: There are E3 genes in Human papillomaviruses

A

False, there are none

45
Q

What are the functions of HPV gene E6 and E7 products?

A

E6 - inhibit apoptosis of infected cell
E7 - stimulate DNA synthesis in infected cell

46
Q

What is the role of HPV E7 protein?

A

Binds to pRB and allows transcriptional activity of E2F for DNA synthesis

47
Q

What is the motif sequence on E7 that prevents the binding of RB to E2F?

A

LxCxE

48
Q

How does E7 induce apoptosis?

A

E7 binds to Rb and blocks its function
E2F is able to give rise to transcription of p14
p14 binds to MDM and allows the stabilization of p53
p53 causes apoptosis

49
Q

How does E6 mediate p53 degradation?

A

Mechanism of E7 is present
E6 binds to p53 and inhibits p53 stabilization
p53 is degraded

50
Q

What transcriptional factors do polyomaviruses, adenoviruses and papillomaviruses have in common?

A

p53, pRB and p130

51
Q

What makes EBV different from other viruses?

A

It is enveloped

52
Q

Which genes are associated with the EBV genome?

A

LMP, EBNA

53
Q

What diseases does EBV cause?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma, Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, nasopharangeal cancer and lymphoprolifferative disease

54
Q

Which stage of infection does EBV become latent?

A

Latency III to I (Lymphoid tissue to memory B cells)

55
Q

How does EBV cause cell proliferation?

A

LMP allows cell proliferation by mimicking the B cell expressing signaling protein

EXMD 504 Biology of Cancer (5 decks)

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