Cancer lecture Flashcards
Primary prevention of cacner
- immunization like HPV and gardasil
- avoiding smoking
- reducing exposure to UV light
secondary prevention of cancer
- early detection and treatment of subclinical, asymptomic or early disease in people without signs or symptoms of cacner
tertiary prevention of cancer
- management of an illness to prevent progression, recurrence or other complications
what are imaging studies to detect cancer
- Xrays
- CT scans
- Ultrasounds
- MRI
- bone scan
- endoscopy
what is a PET scan useful for
it is good to use for measuring metastisis of cancer to different organs
what are treatment decisions made by
tumour boards
what are the various goals of cancer treatment
- cure
- control: prolonging the life with good QoL
- palliation: symptom control with good QOL
what are good prognostic factors for cancer
- early stages of cancer have better responses to surgery and treatment
what are poor prognostic factors when it comes to cancer
- weight loss
- poor performance status
- metastases
- cytogenetic abnormalities
- co-morbidities
- extreme ages
what is invasive ductal carcinoma
- cancer has spread beyond the basement membrane of the duct or lobule and into the surroudning tissue
what are local treatments for breast cancer
- radiation therapy and surgery
what are systemic treatments for breast cancer
- chemotherapies
- hormonal therapies
- immunotherapies
what is the definition of remission
that every tumour cell is killed and there is no evidence of disease
why must we give repeated cycles of chemotherapy
to be able to attempt at killing all of the cells
what is radiotherapy
- use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of patients with benign or malignant diseases
what are the indications for palliative radiation
- symptoms treatment of bone pain from metastasis
- spinal cord compression
- certain brain metastases
- certain lung tumours to increase lung aerartion
- lymph cancers
what should nurses educate for patients undergoing radiotherapy
- gicing them information on what will happen
- onset and duration of aside effects
- self-care measures
- follow-up care
what are the side effects of cancer management
- erythema
- mucositis
- dry and wet desquamation
what is the nursing management for brain radiation
- avoid irritants to the scalp
- help obtaining wigs
- assess neuro functions
- emotional support
what is the nursing management for radiation to head and neck
- soft bland food
- saliva substitutes
- gum and frequent sips of water
- use of humidifier
- PEG insertion
- avoid alcohol and smoking
what is nursing care for radiation to the chest
- corticosteroids
- vicious lidocaine
- high protein soft bland diet
what is nursing care for radiation to the abdomen
- anti-emetics
- bland diet
- maintaining fluids
- small frequent meals
what is nursing care for radiation to the pelvis
- maintain fluids
- anti-diarrheal
- fertility counselling PRN
- vaginal dilators
what is nursing interventions for radiation to the skin
- protect the skins, creams and lotions as prescribed