Cancer Drugs & Diagnostic Tests Flashcards
Radiotracers such as __________ are utilized in PET Scans, as they sequester into Cancerous Tissues that have increased sugar demands.
Fluorodeoxyglucose
What pt.’s should we avoid conducting MRIs on (if at all possible)?
Those with metal prosthetics… Metal heats up from the magnetic waves being shot out by machine.
If a cancer is in Stage III, what is unique about it?
-Cancerous invasion of surrounding tissues & localized Lymph Nodes.
If a cancer is in Stage IV, what is unique about it?
-Metastasized into another bodily organ.
What are normal male Hematocrit counts? Normal female Hematocrit counts?
Male: 41-50
Female: 36-48
Platelet Tests examine what parameters?
-Platelet Count
-Mean Platelet Volume
-Platelet Distribution Width
CA-125 is a Tumor Marker of what cancer type?
Ovarian Cancer
CD25 is a Tumor Marker of what cancer type?
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
EGFR is a Tumor Marker of what cancer type?
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Estrogen Receptors are Tumor Markers of what cancer type?
Breast Cancer
CTC’s are useful in the diagnosis of what cancers?
-Prostate Cancer
-Colorectal Cancer
-Breast Cancer
How do Nitrogen Mustard drugs work?
-Formation of reactive Aziridinium intermediate attracts N7 residue of Guanine, leading to DNA alkylation.
Model Nitrogen Mustard drugs?
Cyclophosphamide
Ifosfamide
Chlorambucil
Estramustine
Melphalan
How do Nitrosurea Alkylating Agents work?
-Chloroethylene cleavage attracts O6 Guanine residues, leading to DNA alkylation.
Model Nitrosurea Alkylating drugs?
Carmustine
Lomustine
Nimustine
Streptozocin
Why is Streptozocin a unique Nitrosurea Alkylating drug?
-Different MOA… No Chloroethylene residue present, so a Methyl Cation is generated (which then attracts O6 Guanine residues as seen prior).
Model Platinum Alkylating Agents?
Carboplatin
Cisplatin
Oxaliplatin
MOA of Busulfan?
-Mesylate cleavage & formation of R-CH2+ intermediate… N7 Guanine then links to it.
Busulfan is used to treat what cancer?
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Procarbazine is used to treat what cancers?
-Stage III / IV Non-Hodgkin’s or Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
-Gliomas
Cytarabine is an _______ agent that incorporates into DNA or RNA, leading to miscoding events.
anti-metabolic
What cell cycle phase is Cytarabine useful in?
S Phase (as it prevents the conversion of Cytidylic Acid into 2’-Deoxycytidylic Acid)
Taxane drugs work in what cell cycle phase?
M Phase (as it inhibits microtubular disassembly)
Model Taxane agents?
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
Vinca Alkaloids act in what cell cycle phase?
M Phase (oppose Taxanes in that they prevent microtubular assembly & polymerization)
Model Vinca Alkaloid agents?
Vincristine
Vinblastine
Vindesine
Vinorelbine
Antitumor Antibiotics all end in what?
“rubicin”…
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
Epirubicin
Idarubicin
Mitoxantrone is exception!
What is the other name for Antitumor Antibiotics?
Anthracyclines
How do Anthracyclines work?
-DNA intercalating agents that insert between two base pairings & induce breaks… Leads to Apoptotic responses.
What is the significance of the PARP enzyme?
-Is the only DNA repair mechanism present in cancer cells!
Why are healthy cells spared from the effects of PARP Inhibitor drugs?
-Other DNA repair mechanisms exist!
PARP Inhibitors end in what?
“parib”…
Olaparib
Rucaparib
Niraparib
Iniparib
Talazoparib
Model Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors?
“tinib”…
Imatinib
Gefitinib
Imatinib prevents cellular proliferation & induces apoptosis in ___-___ expressing cancer cells.
BCR-ABL
Gefitinib inhibits ____, which prevents that pathway’s DNA synthesis promotion, cell proliferation signals, migrative abilities & cell survival.
EGFR
Trastuzumab & Pertuzumab bind differing subdomains of ____ Receptors, thus preventing homo & heterodimerization.
HER2
1) Trastuzumab binds what HER2 subdomain?
2) Pertuzumab binds what HER2 subdomain?
3) These drug therapies are often combined with what Anti-Mitotic agent?
1) Subdomain IV
2) Subdomain II
3) Docetaxel
The desirable drug to give for Early-Staged HER2+ Breast Cancers is what?
T-DM1 (Trastuzumab & Emtansine)
The desirable drug to give for Recurrent HER2+ Breast Cancers is what?
Combo of Trastuzumab + Docetaxel
or
Combo of Pertuzumab + Docetaxel
Bortezomib is an _______-_______ agent that binds 26S proteasomes, thereby preventing the degradation of pro-_______ factors.
Apoptosis-Inducing ; apoptotic
How does Bevacizumab work?
-Binds VEGF Receptor & prevents Angiogenesis (starves cancer cells).
Other model Angiogenesis Inhibitor drug?
Sunitinib
Of the following drugs, which one(s) serve(s) as a PD-1 Receptor Inhibitor?
Atezolizumab
Cemiplimab
Avelumab
Pembrolizumab
Durvalumab
Nivolumab
Cemiplimab
Pembrolizumab
Nivolumab
Atezolizumab, Avelumab, & Durvalumab are PD-L1 Inhibitors (bind the Ligand, NOT THE RECEPTOR)!!!
