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CCC > Cancer Conditions > Flashcards

Cancer Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Which organisms can cause cancer?

A
  • HPV (HPV16)
  • EBV
  • Hep B
  • Retrovirus - HTLV-1 can cause T-cell lymphomas
  • H. Pylori
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2
Q

What is CEA?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen

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3
Q

In which cancers is CEA elevated?

A
  • Colorectal
  • Pancreatic
  • Gastric
  • Breast
  • Lung
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4
Q

In which benign conditions is CA125 elevated?

A
  • Endometriosis
  • Menstruation
  • Pregnancy
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5
Q

In which benign conditions is CEA elevated?

A
  • Smoking
  • IBD
  • Hepatitis
  • Pancreatitis
  • Gastritis
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6
Q

Which cancer is CA125 commonly used to detect?

A

Ovarian carcinoma

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7
Q

Which cancer is alpha-FP used to detect?

A
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma

- Teratomas

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8
Q

Which cancers have elevated BHCG?

A

Non-seminomatous testicular cancers, some seminoma

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9
Q

Which tumour marker is raised in pancreatic cancer?

A

CA-19-9

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10
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissues

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11
Q

What is Squamous carcinoma?

A

Carcinoma of squamous cells in outer epidermis

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12
Q

What is the difference between carcinoma and sarcoma?

A

Carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin whereas sarcomas originate in supportive and connective tissues

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13
Q

Where does a leiomyosaroma originate?

A

Smooth muscle

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14
Q

Where does a mesothelioma originate?

A

Membranous lining of body cavities

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15
Q

Where does a myeloma originate?

A

Plasma cells of bone marrow

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16
Q

Which cancers is MRI the gold standard for?

A 
Neurospinal
Rectal
Prostate
MSK
Staging for head/neck cancers
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17
Q

Which questionnaire can be used to assess pain?

A

McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)

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18
Q

Which cancers have screening programs in the UK and when/how often?

A

Cervical

  • 25-64yr olds
  • 25-49yrs = every 3 years, 5 years after 50

Breast
- 50-70yrs every 3yrs

Colorectal

  • Foecal occult blood (home test kit)
  • Offered after 55
  • Every 2 years from 60-74
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19
Q

What is the most common form of breast cancer?

A

Invasive/infiltrating ductal carcinoma - 70-80%

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20
Q

Where does breast cancer commonly metastasise to?

A

Bone, lung, liver

21
Q

What 3 investigations are key for diagnosing breast cancer?

A
  • Clinical - history and exam
  • Imaging - mammography
  • Histology - fine needle aspiration cytology
22
Q

What is a poor receptor prognosis in breast cancer?

A

HER-2 +ve and ER -ve

23
Q

When is tamoxifen indicated in breast cancer?

A

ER +ve primary tumours

24
Q

What are complications of tamoxifen?

A
  • Increased thrombotic complications

- Increased risk of endometrial cancer

25
Q

What is Anastrazole/Letrozole?

A
  • Aromatase inhibitors used in breast cancer, more effective in post-menopausal women
  • Block extra-ovarian oestrogen production
26
Q

When is Trastuzumab indicated?

A

Overexpression of HER-2 in breast cancer

27
Q

What is a major side-effect of Trastuzumab?

A

Cardiotoxic

28
Q

Which 3 Chemotherapy agents are common in breast cancer in women >50yrs?

A

Docetaxel + epirubicin + cyclophosphamide

29
Q

What is the 10yr survival in women with breast cancer?

A

80%

30
Q

What is the 5yr survival rate for colorectal cancer?

A

60%

31
Q

What are the 2 types of colorectal cancer?

A
  • Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer - DNA mismatch repair genes
  • Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
32
Q

What causes FAP?

A

Mutation in APC gene

33
Q

What classification tool is used in prognosis for colorectal cancer?

A

Duke’s

34
Q

What is the 5yr overall survival in lung cancer?

A

20%

35
Q

Which form of lung cancer is the most common?

A

NSCLC = 82%

36
Q

Although not routinely used, which tumour markers can be used to detect lung cancer?

A
  • NSE = neurone specific enolase

- LDH = lactate dehydrogenase

37
Q

Which form of immunotherapy is rapidly increasing life expectancy in NSCLC?

A

Anti-PD-1

38
Q

Which grading system is used for Prostate cancer?

A

Gleason Grading

39
Q

Which mutations increase the risk of prostate cancer?

A

pTEN

BRCA 2

40
Q

On examination, what is indicative of prostate cancer?

A

Enlarged, hard, craggy gland with obliteration of the median sulcus

41
Q

What kind of endocrine therapy can be used in the treatment of prostate cancer?

A

Goserelin and buserelin = LHRH agonists that interfere with normal release of gonadotropins from pituitary and reduces levels of circulating testosterone

42
Q

Which chemotherapeutic agents are commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer?

A

Docetael and Cabazitazel

43
Q

Which cancers commonly metastasize to the liver?

A
  • Colon
  • Lung
  • Breast
44
Q

Which cancers commonly metastasise to the lung?

A
  • Breast
  • Kidney
  • Colorectal
45
Q

Which cancers commonly metastasise to the brain?

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Melanoma
46
Q

Which cancers commonly metastasise to the bone? - 5B’s

A
  • Breast
  • Bronchus
  • Byroid
  • Bidney
  • Brostate
47
Q

Which cancers are commonly adenocarcinomas?

A
  • GI tract
  • Breast
  • Ovary
  • Lung
48
Q

Which tumour markers are indicative for testicular cancer?

A
  • bHCG

- aFP

49
Q

What staging system is used in testicular cancer?

A

Royal Marsden Staging System

CCC (8 decks)

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