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3rd Year Biomed > Cancer Bio (Dan Lecture 1) > Flashcards

Cancer Bio (Dan Lecture 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

A growth of new cells

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2
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A neoplasm forming a distinct lump

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of neoplasm?

A

Benign and malignant

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4
Q

Describe the tissue distribution of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

Benign neoplasms are localised

Malignant neoplasms have invaded surrounding tissues and may have spread to other organs or tissues by metastasis

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5
Q

What are the 6 acquired capabilities of cancer?

A

1) Evading growth suppresors
2) Activating invasion and metastasis
3) Enabling replicative immortality
4) Inducing angiogenesis (synthesis of new blood vessels)
5) Resisting apoptosis
6) Sustaining proliferative signalling

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6
Q

How many people will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime?

A

1 in 2 people born after 1960

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7
Q

How many new cases of cancer were there in the UK in 2014?

A

Approx 360,000

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8
Q

What percentage of cancer cases in the UK are linked to lifestyle?

A

42%

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9
Q

What are the 3 most common male cancers? (2014)

A

1) Prostate
2) Lung
3) Bowel

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10
Q

What are the 3 most common female cancers? (2014)

A

1) Breast
2) Lung
3) Bowel

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11
Q

How many people die each year from cancer?

A

160,000 (2014)

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12
Q

Deaths from lung, bowel, breast and prostate cancer account for what % of total cancer deaths each year?

A

Almost half (47%)

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13
Q

Which 3 cancers have the highest mortality in males? (2014)

A

1) Lung (23%)
2) Prostate (13%)
3) Bowel (10%)

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14
Q

Which 3 cancers have the highest mortality in females? (2014)

A

1) Lung (21%)
2) Breast (15%)
3) Bowel (10%)

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15
Q

How does cancer incidence correlate with age?

A

Approx 75% of cases diagnosed in people 60 and over

More than 1/3 of cases in people 75 and over

Children (0-14years), teenagers and young adults (15-24) make up less than 1% of all cases

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16
Q

Which cancers have the highest and lowest 5 year % survival?

A

High:
Tesitclular (98%)
Malignant melanoma (90%)

Low:
Lung (10%)
Pancreas (3%)

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17
Q

What are the 3 main current cancer treatments?

A

1) Surgery
2) Radiotherapy
3) Chemotherapy

18
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of both radio and chemotherapy?

A

Radio:

  • Effective for localised disease
  • Relatively expensive (1 machine costs approx 1 million pounds)

Chemo:

  • Relatively ineffective for most cancers
  • However, can be used to treat metastatic disease
  • Cost can be low or high depending on drug use and amount of side effects
19
Q

What are the main causes of cancer?

A
  • Smoking
  • Diet (?)
  • Viruses (e.g. HPV)
  • Environmental factors/pollutants
  • Hormones
  • Ionizing radiation
  • UV radiation
  • Genetic predispositon
20
Q

Increasing the number of cigarettes consumed increases the risk of what cancer?

A

Lung

21
Q

What percentage of cancer deaths are due to smoking?

A

30%

22
Q

What can be done to reduce the risk of cancer?

A
  • Stop smoking
  • Eat less fat and more fruit and veg
  • Avoid excessive exposure to sun
  • Drink less or no alcohol
  • Have lots of children but be monogamous
  • Avoid exposure to carcinogens (chimneysweep)
23
Q

What are the characteristics of benign tumours?

A
  • Grow slowly

- Remains localised

24
Q

How are benign tumours normally treated?

A

Simple surgical excision

25
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?

A
  • Grow rapidly
  • Invade and destroy adjacent tissues
  • Potential to metastasise (spread to distant parts of the body by the blood, lymphatic system or across serous membrane)
26
Q

What is histological classification of neoplasia used to determine?

A

The tissue or organ of origin of the neoplasm

- Neoplasms resemble their tissue or organ of origin

27
Q

What are the major tissue types of the body?

A
  • Epithelium (skin, lining of GI and urinary tract, and solid abdomial organs e.g. liver, kidney, pancreas)
  • Connective tissue (muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, nerves, blood vessels)
  • Lymphoid and blood forming tissues (lymph noses, spleen, bone marrow, thymus)
  • CNS
  • Germ cells (testis and ovaries)
28
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours called?

A

Carcinomas

29
Q

What are malignant connective tissue tumours called?

A

Sarcomas

30
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  • A ‘pre-malignant’ disease
  • Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus
  • Regresses when stimulus is removed
31
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • ‘Pre-malignant’ disease

- Change in cells (usually epithelium) characterised by disorderly growth and morphologic changes in cell nuclei

32
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue in the female breast?

A

1) the lobules

2) the ducts

33
Q

What do the lobules and the ducts do?

A
  • In non pregnant women the lobules are in resting phase
  • Pregnant women lobules are expanded and secrete milk
  • Ducts convey milk to the nipple
34
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissue in the female breast?

A

1) Loose fibrous connective tissue present in lobules

2) Denser fibrous connective tissue present in extralobular sites to provide structural support

35
Q

The majority of breast cancers are of what origin?

A

Epithelial (carcinoma)

36
Q

What are the 2 types of breast carcinomas?

A

Ductal or Lobular

37
Q

What are the 5 stages of Ductal Carcinoma formation?

A

1) Normal duct
2) Intraductal hyperplasia
3) Intraductal hyperplasia with atypia
4) Ductal carcinoma in situ
5) Invasive ductal cancer
Invasive disease is when cells break through basement membrane and invade the fat and connective tissue

38
Q

What does TNM stand for in the TNM system of cancer staging

A 
T = tumour
N = node
M = metastasis
39
Q

What are the T stages of the TNM system in staging breast cancer?

A

Tis - carcinoma in situ
T1 - Tumour size less than 2cm in diameter
T2 - Tumour size between 2-5cm
T3 - Tumour above 5cm in diameter
T4 - tumour of any size involving chest wall or skin

40
Q

What are the N stages of the TNM system in staging breast cancer?

A

N0 - No axillary node involvment
N1 - Metastases to axillary nodes that are freely mobile
N2 - Metastases to fixed axillary nodes
N3 - Metastases to intermal mammary nodes

41
Q

What are the M stages of the TNM system in staging breast cancer?

A

M0 - No metastases outside of local nodes

M1 - Metastases present

42
Q

How would a 6.2cm breast carcimona with fixed axillary node involvement and no metastases be staged?

A

T3 N2 M0 carcinoma

3rd Year Biomed (44 decks)

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