Cancer

Question 1

What is cancer

Answer 1

Abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth

Question 2

What is a benign Tumor?

Answer 2

Non cancerous and non spreading

Question 3

What is a malignant tumor?

Answer 3

Cancerous and spreads

Question 4

What is apoptosis?

Answer 4

Eliminates damaged cells and replaces them

Question 5

Why aren’t cancer cells eliminated by apoptosis?

Answer 5

These cells avoid it and continue to multiply in an unregulated manner

If they are in the apoptosis process the cells do not complete the process

Question 6

How many deaths were cause by cancer in 2018

Answer 6

9.6 million

International agency for research on cancer 2019

Question 7

How many new cancer cases were diagnosed worldwide in 2018

Answer 7

18.1 million

International agency for research on cancer 2019

Question 8

What is the most common cancer for males and females

Answer 8

Lung cancer

International agency for research on cancer 2019

Question 9

What percentage of cancers world wide are lung?

Answer 9

11.6%

International agency for research on cancer 2019

Question 10

In 2015 how many cases of cancer were diagnosed?

Answer 10

360,000 (990 per day)

Cancer research uk

Question 11

What are the ratios for cancer development

Answer 11

1 in 2 people

Cancer research uk

Question 12

What are the 2 stages of cancer developing

Answer 12

Initiation and promotion

Question 13

What is the initiation stage of cancer developing?

Answer 13

Normal cells change to potentially cancerous cells cause by damage from mutational factors

Question 14

What is the promotion stage of cancer developing?

Answer 14

Tumor growth stimulated by agents; hormones

Question 15

What is metastasis?

Answer 15

Spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to the other

Question 16

How does cancer spread through blood?

Answer 16

A cell enters the blood circulation and the cell must then move through the wall of the capillary into another organ

If the conditions are right the cell will grow and multiply

Question 17

How does cancer spread through the lymphatic system

Answer 17

Cancer cells go into the lymp vessels and travel to the glands

Question 18

What is cancer known as when it spreads to the unoriginal organ?

Answer 18

Secondary Tumor or metastases

Question 19

What is the name for the harmful things that cause cancers

Answer 19

Carcinogen

Question 20

What is a carcinogen?

Answer 20

Substance that causes cancer

Asbestos 
Tobacco 
Aerosols 
Uv rays 
Vehicle emissions 
Preservatives

Question 21

Why can frying or barbecuing food cause it to be carcinogenic

Answer 21

Extreme heat causes reactions between the proteins reacting with creatines and will change into HCA which can cause dna mutations

Question 22

Risk factors of colon/rectal cancer

Answer 22

Inactivity
Obesity 
Diets high in red meats, smoked foods and simple sugars 
Smoking 
Low intake of veg 
High BMI

Question 23

Anand at al 2008

Answer 23

Cancers are the result of lifestyle factors and if changed may reduce the risk of cancers developing

Question 24

Howard et al 2008

Answer 24

Exercising >5 per week reduces the risk of colon cancer by 18%

Question 25

Physical activity guidelines advisory committee 2008

Answer 25

Active individuals have a 40-50% lower risk than people who are least active

Question 26

How does PA prevent colon cancer

Answer 26

Reduces bowel transit time Prostaglandins (help smooth muscle contraction - spread up gut transit time)

Question 27

1 in 8 chance developing invasive breast cancer (12%)

Answer 27

Ferini 2015

Question 28

How many deaths are as result of breast cancer

Answer 28

1 in 35

Question 29

How much has survival rate increased in the last 80 years

Answer 29

From 63% to 90%

Question 30

Loprinzi 2012

Answer 30

Regular Physical activity decreases oestrogen exposure by reducing the circulating levels of sex hormone

Question 31

Wu et al 2013

Answer 31

Risk of cancer decreases by 5% for every 2 hours per week increase of moderate-vigorous physical activity