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Pharmacology Drugs > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How do antimetabolites work?

A

-Inhibition of DNA synthesis

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2
Q

What are the examples of antimetabolites?

A
  • Methotrexate
  • 5-fluorouracil
  • Capecitabine
  • 6-Mercaptopurine
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3
Q

What are the types of chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • Antimetabolites
  • Alkylating agents
  • Spindle poisons
  • Intercalating agents
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4
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A
  • Formation of bonds in DNA strand or between 2 strands. Replication is impaired
  • Lack of replication results in a break and apoptosis of the cell
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5
Q

What are examples of spindle poisons?

A
  • Taxoids

- Vinca alkaloids (Vincristine)

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6
Q

How do spindle poisons work?

A

Inhibition of Mitosis.Microtubule-binding agents affect microtubule dynamics in 2 ways

-Inhibit polymerization and -Stimulate polymerization and prevent depolymerisation

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7
Q

What are examples of alkylating agents?

A
  • Platinum compounds (cisplatin)
  • Bulsulphan
  • Cyclophosphamide
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8
Q

How do intercalating agents work?

A
  • Prevention of transcription

- Interclating between base pairs of DNA/RNA strand

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9
Q

What are examples of intercalating agents?

A
  • Doxorubicin

- Actinomycin D

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10
Q

How does methotrexate work?

A

-Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase so less purine to make amino acids

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11
Q

How does 5-Fluorouracil work?

A

-Inhibition of 5-FdUMP. So pyrimidines can’t be incorporated into DNA so cell dies

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12
Q

How do platinum compounds work?

A
  • Formation of platinated inter- and intrastrand adducts leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis
  • DACH platinum adducts are bulky and thought to be more effective in inhibiting DNA synthesis than platinum adducts
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13
Q

How do taxoids work?

A

-Promote assembly and prevent microtubule falling apart

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14
Q

How do vinca alkaloids work?

A

-Prevents spindle formation

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15
Q

What are some examples of intercalating agents?

A
  • Doxorubicin

- Actinomycin D

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16
Q

What are some mechanisms of resistance demonstrated by chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • Decreased entry or increased exit of agent
  • Inactivation of agent in cell though action of protein such as gluthathione
  • Enhanced repair of DNA lesions produced by alkylation
17
Q

What are some side effects of Chemotherapy?

A
  • Acute renal failure
  • GI perforation at the site
  • DIC
  • Vomiting
  • Alopecia
  • Skin Toxicity
  • Mucositis
  • Cardiotoxicity
  • Lung toxicity
  • Haematological toxicity
18
Q

What are some important drug interactions demonstrated by chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • Vincristine and itraconazole (a commonly used antifungal) leads to more neuropathy
  • Capecitabine (oral 5FU) and warfarin
  • Methotrexate - caution with prescribing penicillin, NSAIDs
  • Capecitabine and St Johns Wort, grapefruit juice
19
Q

What causes variability is treatment methods of chemotherapy?

A
  • Abnormalities in absorption (N+V, compliance, gut problems)
  • Abnormalities in distribution (Weight loss, reduced body fat, ascites etc)
  • Abnormalities in elimination (Liver and renal dysfunction, other meds)
  • Abnormalities in protein binding (Low alb, other drugs)
20
Q

What are some examples of vinca alkaloid?

A
  • Vincristine
  • Vinblastine

Microtubule inhibitors

21
Q

What are some examples of taxoids?

A

-Paclitaxel

22
Q

What are specific ADRs of Alkylating Agents?

A
  • Peripheral, sensory and motor neuropathy

- High frequency ototoxicity

23
Q

What are specific ADRs for Mitotic Spindle Inhibitors?

A

Neurotoxicity: glove and stocking peripheral neuropathy

24
Q

What are specific ADRs of Anthracycline Antibiotics such as Doxorubicin?

A

-Cardiotoxic

25
Q

What is tamoxifen’s mechanism of action?

A
  • Tamoxifen is a SERM (selective oestrogen receptor modulator) and acts as antagonist of the oestrogen receptor in breast tissue
  • Prodrug metabolised by liver to its active form which can competitively bind to oestrogen receptors
  • Causes cells to remain in the G0 and G1 phase of the cell cycle
  • To be eligible for therapy those with breast cancer must be ER positive
26
Q

What are side effects of Tamoxifen?

A
  • Hot flushes/sweat
  • Increased DVT/PE risk
  • Weight gain
  • Increased risk of endometrial cancer.

Pharmacology Drugs (22 decks)

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