Cancer

Question 1

Define tumour?

Answer 1

Swelling, originally for inflammation

Question 2

Define cancer?

Answer 2

uncontroled cell growth

Question 3

define neoplasm?

Answer 3

abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which is virtually autonomous and exceeds that of normal tissues. The growth is uncoordinated and persists after the cessation of the stimuli that initiated the change

Question 4

Name two basic components of a tumour?

Answer 4

Parenchyma- Proliferating neoplasmic cells

Supportive stroma

Question 5

Name some features of an Benign tumour?

Answer 5

• Well differentiated
• Usually slow growing
• Rarely invade locally-cohesive,expansile,encapsulated mass
• Seldom metastasize

Question 6

Name some features of a malignant tumour?

Answer 6

• Anaplasia-Complete lack of fifferentiation
• Rapid turnover- “chemo targets”
• Infiltrative margins
• metastasize (except 2 tumours)

Question 7

List types of cancers caused by environmental agents?

Answer 7

Stomach cancer higher (approx 7 times) in Japan compared with USA. Colon cancer much less in Japan

Melanoma much higher in NZ and Australia compared with Scandinavia.

HCC more common in Uganda- aflatoxin

High incidence of oesophageal cancer in China and Iran- nitrates in soil, abrasives in diet

Question 8

List sime environamental agents that can cause cancer?

Answer 8

UV light

Occupational agents like asbestos, naphthyl amine and vinyl chloride, alcohol (liver cancers), smoking (lung, bladder cancer

Question 9

List examples of cancers caused by infection?

Answer 9

HPV-Cervical Carcinoma
Heppatitis C- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Helicobacter pylori-gastric carcinoma

Question 10

Name some factors that distinguish benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 10

• Differentiation and anaplasia
• rate of growth
• local invasion
• metastisis

Question 11

identfy the principles for cancer screening?

Answer 11

Treatment available

Reliable prediction of tumourbehaviour

Target population has enough people at risk to justify expense

Cost-effective and reliable screening tool

Question 12

List the features of pathology which predict the prognosis in cancer?

Answer 12

Size of primary lesion
Spread to regional lymoh nodes
Presence of metastases

Question 13

Name the main staging sytsem used in cancers?

Answer 13

TNM

• Size of Primary Lesion(T1-T4)
• Spread to Regional lymph nodes(N0,N1-N3)
• presence of metastases(M0,M1-M2)

Question 14

Name the three catagories of carcinogens?

Answer 14

• Chemicals
• Radiation
• Microbial Agents

Question 15

Name a cancer associated with ionising electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 15

luekemia and solid tumours

Question 16

Name features of Grading of cancer?

Answer 16

• Histological
• high grade, low grade
• Based on the degree of differentiation and on the number of mitoses
• less useful than staging

Question 17

Name the pathways in which cancers spread?

Answer 17

Lymphatic spread

Haematogenous

Body cavities

Contiguous