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Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent Cancer found in Men?

A

Prostate Cancer

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2
Q

What is the most prevalent Cancer found in Women?

A

Breast Cancer

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3
Q

What is the most prevalent Cancer found in Children?

A

Lymphoid Leukemias

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4
Q

What Genetic Disorders increase the risk of Cancer?

A

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

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5
Q

What type of Cancers are A/W Down Syndrome?

A

Acute Leukemia (specifically acute Lymphoblastic, Myelogenous, & Megakaryocytic)

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6
Q

What is a Retinoblastoma (Malignant Embryonic Tumor of the eye) caused from?

A

An inherited defect or acquired defect

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7
Q

What 2 conditions increase risk of ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia)?

A

Fanconi Anemia & Bloom Syndrome

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8
Q

What Childhood CA’s are r/t tumor suppressor cells that have lost function?

A

Osteosarcoma, Leukemia, Rhabdomyosarcoma,

Retinoblastoma, and Wilm’s tumor.

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9
Q

What Childhood CA’s are r/t tumor suppressor cells that have lost function?

A

Osteosarcoma, Leukemia, Rhabdomyosarcoma,

Retinoblastoma, and Wilm’s tumor.

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10
Q

What well-known chromosomal
abnormality is found in
Chronic and Acute Myelogenous Leukemias?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome

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11
Q

Name the type of Mutations A/W chromosomal aberrations or

single-gene defects.

A 
Aneuploidy
Amplifications 
Deletions
Translocations
Fragility
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12
Q

What type of chromosomal abnormalities are observed in Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma?

A

Chromosomal deletions

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13
Q

What is Chromosomal Translocation?

A

A piece of one chromosome is translocated to

another chromosome.

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14
Q

What is an Oncogene?

A

Mutant gene that has been mutated and causes proliferation

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15
Q

How does Chromosomal Translocation relate to Oncongenes (2 ways)?

A
  1. A translocation can cause
    excess and inappropriate production of a proliferation factor. (i.e. Burkitt Lymphomas)
  2. Translocations also can lead to production of novel proteins with growth-promoting properties. (i.e. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
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16
Q

What is a Proto-Oncongene?

A

A normal, non-mutated gene that Regulates Cellular Growth.

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17
Q

What is a Tumor Supressor Gene?

What happens if there is a Mutation?

A

Normally prevents cell division or causes cell death.

A Mutated Tumor Supression gene allows for Uncontrolled Cell Growth.

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18
Q

Name the Lifestyle/Environmental risk factors for developing Cancer.

A

Tobacco, Diet &Alcohol, Obesity, Lack of Physical Activity, Hormones, Infections,
Ionizing Radiation, Occupational Hazards, Sexual/Reproductive factors, and IV light.

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19
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation and serves no physiologic function.

May be Benign or Malignant.

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20
Q

Cancer refers to a _________ tumor.

A

Malignant

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21
Q

Give an example of a benign tumor.

Can they be life-threatening?

A

Lypoma, or organ hypertrophy

Yes, can be life-threatening if enlarged in critical locations.

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22
Q

Describe a benign tumor.

A 
Not Invasive
Not Cancer
Slowly Grow
Encapsulated 
Well Differentiated
Low Mitotic Index
Retain some normal tissue structure.
Do NOT spread (Metastasize)

**Named according to the
tissues from which they arise, and include the suffix “-oma”–although this can also be malignant.

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23
Q

Describe Malignant Tumors.

A 
Invasive
Grow Rapidly
Not Encapsulated (or not fully)
Poorly Differentiated cells (+absence of normal tissue organization)
High Mitotic Index
Can spread (Metastasize) easily
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24
Q

What is Anaplasia?

A

Loss of Cellular differentiation and normal tissue structure.

Irregularities of the Size and Shape of the nucleus (AKA pleomorphic)

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25
What is Metastasis?
Ability of a Malignant tumor to spread far beyond the tissue of origin.
26
What is a Carcinoma?
Cancer arising in epithelial tissue *Subtypes: Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma
27
What is an Adenocarcinoma?
A Carcinoma that arises from or forms ductal or glandular structures. (i.e. a malignant tumor arising from breast glandular tissue is a mammary adenocarcinoma)
28
What is a Sarcoma?
Cancers arising from connective tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, any connective/supportive tissue). (i. e. malignant cancers of skeletal muscle are known as rhabdomyosarcomas) * Subtypes: Chondrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma
29
What is a Lymphoma?
Cancers of Lymphatic Tissue
30
What is a Leukemia?
Cancers of Blood-Forming Cells
31
Name 3 benign tumor types
1. Lipoma (vs. lipoSARComa) 2. Leiomyoma (vs. LeiomyoSARComa) 3. Adenoma (vs. AdenoCARCINoma)
32
What is a Myeloma?
Cancer of Plasma Cells
33
What refers to preinvasive, epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded surrounding stroma.
Carcinoma in situ *often seen in cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, bronchus, stomach, breast, and endometrium
34
What is a tumor marker?
Substances found on plasma cell membranes, in blood, CSF, or urine.
35
What general types of tumor markers are there?
``` Hormones Enzymes Genes Antigens Antibodies ```
36
Are tumor makers only produced by Malignant tumors?
No. | From either malignant or benign tumors.
37
Tumor markers are used to...? | 3 things
1. Screen and identify those at high risk 2. Dx specific types of Cancer 3. Monitor clinical course/see if tx is worker
38
What term describes the size of the tumor, degree of invasion, and extent of spread?
Staging
39
Describe Stage 1 solid tumor
Cancer confined to it's organ of origin
40
Describe Stage 2 solid tumor
Locally invasive
41
Describe Stage 3 solid tumor
Regional structures
42
Describe Stage 4 solid tumor
Distant sites
43
What is cell differentiation?
``` The process of acquiring a specialized function and organization, such as evolving into a muscle cell or a nerve cell ```
44
Which tumor (benign or malignant) will have the most Anaplasia?
The most malignant tumors tend to have the most anaplasia and be the least differentiated.
45
Name the mechanisms of Local Invasion of Cancer cells. (5 things)
1. Recruitment of Macrophages--they promote digestion of connective tissue capsules and other structural barriers. 2. Cellular Multiplication. 3. Release of Lytic Enzymes. 4. Changes in cell-to-cell adhesion, making the cancer cells more slippery and mobile. 5. Increased Motility of individual Tumor Cells.
46
Name a self-destructive mechanism that occurs when growth is excessive and cell cycle checkpoints have been ignored. It is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal development and excessive growth.
Apoptosis
47
What is Loss of Heterozygosity? How does it Relate to Tumor-Suppressor Genes? Name some CA examples with Loss of Heterozygosity.
Def: Loss of an allele in tumor DNA compared to matched normal DNA from the same individual. Includes Inactivation of Tumor-Suppressor Genes + Activation of Oncogenes = Accelerating Loss of Tumor-Suppressor Genes and Over-Expression of Oncogenes-->Cancer i.e. Retinoblastoma, Wilms Tumor (kidney), Neurofibromatosis, Inherited Breast Cancer, Familial Polyposis Coli or Adenomas of the Colon.
48
What is (Two-Hit hypothesis) related to Tumor Supressor Genes?
``` Physical Loss of one Allele (genetic) + Mutation of the other Allele = Cancer Knudson Hypothesis (Two-Hit hypothesis) ``` LOH (loss of heterozygosity) at high rate in a chromosomal region = indicative of the location of a tumor suppressor gene whose loss/inactivation occurs by a “two-hit” mechanism
49
How do Malignant tumors metastasize (spread)?
The cancer cells travel through Blood and Lymphatic systems. Tumor Cells Dissociate Primary Tumors & have Increased Resistance to Apoptosis. Tumors secrete Proteases and Protease Activators, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), & Plasminogen Activators. They Digest the Extracellular Matrix and Basement Membranes-->creating pathways through which cells can move to a distal site.
50
What term describes cancer cells ability to gain access to the circulation through new tumor-associated blood vessel growth?
Angiogenesis AKA Neovascularization
51
Name 2 types of Increased Motility of CA cells.
INTRAvasation: Invasion of Cancer cells through the basal membrane INTO Blood or Lymph. EXTRAvasation: Cancer cells EXITING capillaries and ENTERING organs.
52
What are the GI effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation?
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Colitis, Oral Ulcers (stomatitis)/mucostitis, Hepatitis, Malabsorption, & Increased risk for infection, especially by own GI flora.
53
What is a Transformed cells?
Cancer cells | transformation is the process from normal to abnormal
54
Transformed cells, unlike normal cells, lack _______ ____________ and continue to crowd, eventually piling up on each other.
Contact Inhibition
55
However, cancer cells are often __________ ______________ --they continue to divide even when suspended in a soft agar gel (vs. normal cells need to be attached to a firm surface).
Anchorage Independent
56
Cancer cells usually are _________ in that | they seem to have an unlimited life span and will continue to divide for years under appropriate laboratory conditions.
Immortal
57
Why does Pain Occur with Cancer?
Pressure, Obstruction, Invasion of Sensitive Structures, Stretching of Visceral Surfaces, Tissue Destruction, & Inflammation. *Intensity is influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall phsysical deterioration
58
Why does Fatigue Occur with Cancer?
Exact mechanisms poorly understood. Suggested Causes: Sleep Disturbances, Biochemical changes from circulating Cytokines (w/dz & tx), Psychosocial Factors, Level of Activity, Nutritional Status, & Environmental Factors
59
What is Cachexia? Why does it Occur with Cancer?
Severe form of Malnutrition R/t: Anorexia, Increased Resting Energy Expenditures, Mechanical Interferene with Nutritional Intake or Absorption, Treatment-Related effects, Altered Taste, Psychosocial Factors
60
Why does Anemia Occur with Cancer?
Anemia: Decreased Hgb in blood. R/t: Chronic bleeding-->Fe deficiency, Severe Malnutrition, Medical Therapies, or Malignancy in Blood-Forming Organs
61
What is the most frequently reported symptom of Cancer?
Fatigue
62
True/False: Pain can correlate with Stage of Cancer.
TRUE
63
True/False: Pain intensity is influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall phyiscal deterioration.
TRUE
64
True/False: Pain is A/W Cancer and Cancer treatment.
TRUE
65
True/False: Management of pain is essential from onset of early disease through long-term surviorship or end-of-life care.
TRUE
66
What are barriers to Pain Control?
Patient-(reluctance to report, fear addiction, stigma, side effects) Societal-(fear addiction, stigma, regulations,cost) Medical Establishment-(knowledge deficit, communication, pain assessment, inadequate Rx's)
67
True/False: Cancer pain is often chronic and associated with neuropathies.
TRUE

Lifespan Patho Final (3 decks)

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