Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lifespan Patho Final > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent Cancer found in Men?

A

Prostate Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most prevalent Cancer found in Women?

A

Breast Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most prevalent Cancer found in Children?

A

Lymphoid Leukemias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What Genetic Disorders increase the risk of Cancer?

A

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of Cancers are A/W Down Syndrome?

A

Acute Leukemia (specifically acute Lymphoblastic, Myelogenous, & Megakaryocytic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Retinoblastoma (Malignant Embryonic Tumor of the eye) caused from?

A

An inherited defect or acquired defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 2 conditions increase risk of ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia)?

A

Fanconi Anemia & Bloom Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What Childhood CA’s are r/t tumor suppressor cells that have lost function?

A

Osteosarcoma, Leukemia, Rhabdomyosarcoma,

Retinoblastoma, and Wilm’s tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What Childhood CA’s are r/t tumor suppressor cells that have lost function?

A

Osteosarcoma, Leukemia, Rhabdomyosarcoma,

Retinoblastoma, and Wilm’s tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What well-known chromosomal
abnormality is found in
Chronic and Acute Myelogenous Leukemias?

A

Philadelphia Chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the type of Mutations A/W chromosomal aberrations or

single-gene defects.

A 
Aneuploidy
Amplifications 
Deletions
Translocations
Fragility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of chromosomal abnormalities are observed in Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma?

A

Chromosomal deletions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Chromosomal Translocation?

A

A piece of one chromosome is translocated to

another chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an Oncogene?

A

Mutant gene that has been mutated and causes proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does Chromosomal Translocation relate to Oncongenes (2 ways)?

A
  1. A translocation can cause
    excess and inappropriate production of a proliferation factor. (i.e. Burkitt Lymphomas)
  2. Translocations also can lead to production of novel proteins with growth-promoting properties. (i.e. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a Proto-Oncongene?

A

A normal, non-mutated gene that Regulates Cellular Growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Tumor Supressor Gene?

What happens if there is a Mutation?

A

Normally prevents cell division or causes cell death.

A Mutated Tumor Supression gene allows for Uncontrolled Cell Growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the Lifestyle/Environmental risk factors for developing Cancer.

A

Tobacco, Diet &Alcohol, Obesity, Lack of Physical Activity, Hormones, Infections,
Ionizing Radiation, Occupational Hazards, Sexual/Reproductive factors, and IV light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation and serves no physiologic function.

May be Benign or Malignant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cancer refers to a _________ tumor.

A

Malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give an example of a benign tumor.

Can they be life-threatening?

A

Lypoma, or organ hypertrophy

Yes, can be life-threatening if enlarged in critical locations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe a benign tumor.

A 
Not Invasive
Not Cancer
Slowly Grow
Encapsulated 
Well Differentiated
Low Mitotic Index
Retain some normal tissue structure.
Do NOT spread (Metastasize)

**Named according to the
tissues from which they arise, and include the suffix “-oma”–although this can also be malignant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe Malignant Tumors.

A 
Invasive
Grow Rapidly
Not Encapsulated (or not fully)
Poorly Differentiated cells (+absence of normal tissue organization)
High Mitotic Index
Can spread (Metastasize) easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Anaplasia?

A

Loss of Cellular differentiation and normal tissue structure.

Irregularities of the Size and Shape of the nucleus (AKA pleomorphic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Ability of a Malignant tumor to spread far beyond the tissue of origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a Carcinoma?

A

Cancer arising in epithelial tissue

*Subtypes: Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an Adenocarcinoma?

A

A Carcinoma that arises from or forms ductal or glandular structures.

(i.e. a malignant tumor arising from breast glandular tissue is a mammary adenocarcinoma)

28
Q

What is a Sarcoma?

A

Cancers arising from connective
tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, any connective/supportive tissue).

(i. e. malignant cancers of skeletal muscle are known as rhabdomyosarcomas)
* Subtypes: Chondrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma

29
Q

What is a Lymphoma?

A

Cancers of Lymphatic Tissue

30
Q

What is a Leukemia?

A

Cancers of Blood-Forming Cells

31
Q

Name 3 benign tumor types

A
  1. Lipoma (vs. lipoSARComa)
  2. Leiomyoma (vs. LeiomyoSARComa)
  3. Adenoma (vs. AdenoCARCINoma)
32
Q

What is a Myeloma?

A

Cancer of Plasma Cells

33
Q

What refers to preinvasive, epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded surrounding stroma.

A

Carcinoma in situ

*often seen in cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, bronchus, stomach, breast, and endometrium

34
Q

What is a tumor marker?

A

Substances found on plasma cell membranes, in blood, CSF, or urine.

35
Q

What general types of tumor markers are there?

A 
Hormones
Enzymes
Genes
Antigens
Antibodies
36
Q

Are tumor makers only produced by Malignant tumors?

A

No.

From either malignant or benign tumors.

37
Q

Tumor markers are used to…?

3 things

A
  1. Screen and identify those at high risk
  2. Dx specific types of Cancer
  3. Monitor clinical course/see if tx is worker
38
Q

What term describes the size of the tumor, degree of invasion, and extent of spread?

A

Staging

39
Q

Describe Stage 1 solid tumor

A

Cancer confined to it’s organ of origin

40
Q

Describe Stage 2 solid tumor

A

Locally invasive

41
Q

Describe Stage 3 solid tumor

A

Regional structures

42
Q

Describe Stage 4 solid tumor

A

Distant sites

43
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A 
The process of acquiring a specialized
function and organization, such as evolving into a muscle cell or a nerve cell
44
Q

Which tumor (benign or malignant) will have the most Anaplasia?

A

The most malignant tumors tend to have the most anaplasia and be the least differentiated.

45
Q

Name the mechanisms of Local Invasion of Cancer cells. (5 things)

A
  1. Recruitment of Macrophages–they promote digestion of connective tissue capsules and other structural barriers.
  2. Cellular Multiplication.
  3. Release of Lytic Enzymes.
  4. Changes in cell-to-cell adhesion, making the cancer cells more slippery and mobile.
  5. Increased Motility of individual Tumor Cells.
46
Q

Name a self-destructive mechanism that occurs when growth is excessive and cell cycle checkpoints have been ignored. It is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal development and excessive growth.

A

Apoptosis

47
Q

What is Loss of Heterozygosity?

How does it Relate to Tumor-Suppressor Genes?

Name some CA examples with Loss of Heterozygosity.

A

Def: Loss of an allele in tumor DNA compared to matched normal DNA from the same individual.

Includes Inactivation of Tumor-Suppressor Genes + Activation of Oncogenes =
Accelerating Loss of Tumor-Suppressor
Genes and Over-Expression of Oncogenes–>Cancer

i.e. Retinoblastoma, Wilms Tumor (kidney), Neurofibromatosis, Inherited Breast Cancer, Familial Polyposis Coli or Adenomas of the Colon.

48
Q

What is (Two-Hit hypothesis) related to Tumor Supressor Genes?

A 
Physical Loss of one Allele (genetic) + Mutation of the other Allele = Cancer
Knudson Hypothesis (Two-Hit hypothesis)

LOH (loss of heterozygosity) at high rate in a chromosomal region = indicative of the location of a tumor suppressor gene whose loss/inactivation occurs by a “two-hit” mechanism

49
Q

How do Malignant tumors metastasize (spread)?

A

The cancer cells travel through Blood and Lymphatic systems.

Tumor Cells Dissociate Primary Tumors & have Increased Resistance to Apoptosis.

Tumors secrete Proteases and Protease Activators, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), & Plasminogen Activators. They Digest the Extracellular Matrix and Basement Membranes–>creating pathways through which cells can move to a distal site.

50
Q

What term describes cancer cells ability to gain access to the circulation through
new tumor-associated blood vessel growth?

A

Angiogenesis AKA Neovascularization

51
Q

Name 2 types of Increased Motility of CA cells.

A

INTRAvasation: Invasion of Cancer cells through the basal membrane INTO Blood or Lymph.

EXTRAvasation: Cancer cells EXITING capillaries and ENTERING organs.

52
Q

What are the GI effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation?

A

Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Colitis, Oral Ulcers (stomatitis)/mucostitis, Hepatitis, Malabsorption, & Increased risk for infection, especially by own GI flora.

53
Q

What is a Transformed cells?

A

Cancer cells

transformation is the process from normal to abnormal

54
Q

Transformed cells, unlike normal
cells, lack _______ ____________ and continue to crowd, eventually
piling up on each other.

A

Contact Inhibition

55
Q

However, cancer cells are often __________ ______________ –they continue to divide even when suspended in a soft agar gel (vs. normal cells need to be attached to a firm surface).

A

Anchorage Independent

56
Q

Cancer cells usually are _________ in that

they seem to have an unlimited life span and will continue to divide for years under appropriate laboratory conditions.

A

Immortal

57
Q

Why does Pain Occur with Cancer?

A

Pressure, Obstruction, Invasion of Sensitive Structures, Stretching of Visceral Surfaces, Tissue Destruction, & Inflammation.

*Intensity is influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall phsysical deterioration

58
Q

Why does Fatigue Occur with Cancer?

A

Exact mechanisms poorly understood.
Suggested Causes: Sleep Disturbances, Biochemical changes from circulating Cytokines (w/dz & tx), Psychosocial Factors, Level of Activity, Nutritional Status, & Environmental Factors

59
Q

What is Cachexia?

Why does it Occur with Cancer?

A

Severe form of Malnutrition

R/t: Anorexia, Increased Resting Energy Expenditures, Mechanical Interferene with Nutritional Intake or Absorption, Treatment-Related effects, Altered Taste, Psychosocial Factors

60
Q

Why does Anemia Occur with Cancer?

A

Anemia: Decreased Hgb in blood.

R/t: Chronic bleeding–>Fe deficiency, Severe Malnutrition, Medical Therapies, or Malignancy in Blood-Forming Organs

61
Q

What is the most frequently reported symptom of Cancer?

A

Fatigue

62
Q

True/False: Pain can correlate with Stage of Cancer.

A

TRUE

63
Q

True/False: Pain intensity is influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue, and overall phyiscal deterioration.

A

TRUE

64
Q

True/False: Pain is A/W Cancer and Cancer treatment.

A

TRUE

65
Q

True/False: Management of pain is essential from onset of early disease through long-term surviorship or end-of-life care.

A

TRUE

66
Q

What are barriers to Pain Control?

A

Patient-(reluctance to report, fear addiction, stigma, side effects)

Societal-(fear addiction, stigma, regulations,cost)

Medical Establishment-(knowledge deficit, communication, pain assessment, inadequate Rx’s)

67
Q

True/False: Cancer pain is often chronic and associated with neuropathies.

A

TRUE

Lifespan Patho Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions