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Exercise Rehabilitation > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cancer

A

Uncontrolled, unregulated cell growth and division with the resultant tissue termed a neoplasm.

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2
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Cell division that replaces old cells/forms new cells

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3
Q

What is differentiation?

A

New cells develop the structure and function of the cell they are replacing

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4
Q

What is defective apoptosis?

A

Defective cell death - major cause of the development and progression of cancer.

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5
Q

What is a benign neoplasm?

A

Well differentiated, lost the genetic signals to stop proliferation
(new cells take up the structure and function of host cell and keep multiplying)

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6
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A

New cells are different from the host cells and they have no control over proliferation and differentiation.
They grow rapidly and invade other cells

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7
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cancer ensuring its own survival -
Development of a secondary tumour which retains the characteristics of the primary tumour but in another area of the body

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8
Q

How is cancer classified?

A

By the cell type affected

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9
Q

What are the classifications of cancer and what cells do they affect?

A 
Lymphoma = immune cells
Sarcoma = bone and connective tissue cells
Leukemia = blood cells
Carcinoma = epithelial cells
CNS cancers = neural tissue
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10
Q

How can cancer develop?

A

Exposure to carcinogenic agents
High BMI and T2DM
Diet (high levels of processed meat, charcoal on food)
Age
Gender - Male more common due to fat mass
Family History
Late onset of menopause and age at first birth

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11
Q

Demographics in NZ:

A
  • Slightly more common in men
  • Higher in Maori
  • Most common type was colorectal and prostate, followed by breast and melanoma
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12
Q

Demographics in US:

A
  • Breast cancer number 1 cause of death and mortality in women
  • Colorectal second most frequent
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13
Q

How is breast cancer diagnosed?

A
  • Breast examination and family history
  • Imaging
  • Biopsy
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14
Q

How are the stages of breast cancer determine?

A

Using the TNM system -
T = tumor size
N = Node
M = metastesis

Stage 1 = Local or Early
Stage 4 = Advanced

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15
Q

How is breast cancer graded?

A

Depends on how abnormal cells are to normal cells (Extent of differentiation)

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16
Q

Describe 3 main types of breast cancer:

A 
Ductal carcinoma in situ: 
- non invasive confined to the ducts
Lobular carcinoma in situ:
- non invasive confined to the lobules
Invasive carcinoma 
- spreads locally and can metastasise
17
Q

How is colorectal cancer diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical examination
  • Family History
  • Blood Tests
  • Colonoscopy
  • Biopsy
  • Imaging (CT, ultrasound, MRI)
18
Q

Give two examples of local cancer treatment:

A

Surgery and Radiotherapy

19
Q

Give two examples of systemic cancer treatment:

A

Chemotherapy and Hormonal therapy

20
Q

Describe the effect of cancer treatment on physical function

A

Treatment can cause :

  • reduced CV, immune and pulmonary function
  • muscle weakness
  • fatigue
  • decreased bone mineral density
21
Q

What are two main ways of breast reconstruction?

A

Implant or Tissue Flap

22
Q

Side effects of breast cancer treatment?

A

Fatigue, decreased ROM in upper extremities, lung fibrosis, lymphedema

23
Q

Side effects of Colorectal cancer?

A

deconditiong, diarrhea, fatigue, pelvic pain, nausea, mouth ulcers

24
Q

Aerobic Exercise recommendations in cancer patients:

A
  • Do as much as they can
  • Interval training
  • slow progression
25
Q

Resistance Exercise recommendations in cancer patients:

A
  • Do as much as they can avoid exhaustion
  • Functional
  • Specific
  • Flexibility to promote ROM
26
Q

Contraindications to exercise:

A
  • Acute illness
  • Fever
  • Pain
  • Low blood count
27
Q

Responses to Exercise:

A

Improve / Regain

  • physical function
  • aerobic capacity
  • lean tissue
  • flexibility
  • strength
  • QOL
  • mood
  • social interaction

Reduce

  • fat mass
  • pain and nausea
  • cancer related fatigue
28
Q

Considerations for cancer patients as a CEP:

A

Educate clients on psychological benefits
Make prescription enjoyable, engaging and challenging
Tend to barriers
Document everything with cancer patients!!

Exercise Rehabilitation (17 decks)

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