Cancer Flashcards

Carcinogenesis, Angiogenesis, Benign tumour, Malignant tumour

1
Q

What does oncology refer to?

A

The study of tumors and their treatments

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1
Q

What does cancer refer to?

A

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within the body

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2
Q

What are malignant cells composed of?

A

Less well-differentiated cells that have lost the ability to control both cell proliferation and differentiation into a mature cell

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3
Q

What are the five phases of the cell cycle?

A

1) G zero
2) G1
3) S
4) G2
5) M

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of premature death in Canada?

A

Cancer

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer for women?

A

Breast cancer

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer for men?

A

Colorectal cancer

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer for both women and men?

A

Lung cancer

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8
Q

What are the indirect costs of cancer care?

A
  • Losses in time
  • Economic productivity
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9
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Synthesis (S Phase)
  • Mitosis (M Phase)
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10
Q

In reference to the cell cycle, what does the G phase refer to?

A

The cell is metabolically growing enzymes or proteins in preparation for DNA synthesis or mitotic division

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11
Q

In reference to the cell cycle, what does the G zero phase refer to?

A

A state of dormancy where they are not actively proliferating

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12
Q

What cell phase differs in duration time?

A

G1 can vary from a few hours to several days

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13
Q

What does cell differentiation refer to?

A

The process by which proliferating cells become specialized

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14
Q

What are the three main categories of cells produced through cell differentiation and proliferation?

A
  • Cells that never or rarely divide
  • Cells that continue to proliferate and then die
  • Cells produced through proliferation
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15
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

Cells that proliferate and die

16
Q

In reference to the cell cyle, what is the main purpose of check points?

A

Helps to regulate cell damage and repair

17
Q

How are cancer cells able to complete the cell cycle so quickly?

A

By decreasing the length of time spent in the G1 phase and avoiding the G phase

18
Q

In reference to cell cycle, what is the purpose of the G1-S checkpoint?

A

To monitors whether the DNA in the chromosomes is damaged by radiation or chemicals

19
Q

In reference to cell cycle, what is the purpose of the G2 checkpoint?

A

Prevents entry into mitosis if DNA replication is not complete

20
Q

In reference to cell cycle, why is the transition from G2 to M considered the most important checkpoint?

A

Prevents entry into mitosis if DNA replication is not complete

21
Q

What does carcinogenesis refer to?

A

The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

22
Q

What causes carcinogenesis?

A

Mutation of the genetic material of normal cells that disrupts the normal balance between proliferation and cell death

23
Q

What is the main difference between cancer cells and normal cells?

A

Normal cells undergo a finite number of divisions before it completely stops, wheras cancer cells have the capacity to undergo infinite number of cell divisions

24
Q

What does cancer refer to?

A

A disease in which a single normal body cell undergoes a genetic transformation into a cancer cell

25
Q

What are the three stages of carcinogenesis?

A

1) Initiation
2) Promotion
3) Progression

26
Q

In reference to the three stages of carcinogenesis, what does initiation refer to?

A

The exposure of cells to appropriate doses of carcinogenic agent that makes them susceptible to malignant transformation.

27
Q

What does carcinogenic agents refer to?

A

Chemicals, physical or biological agent that produces irreversible changes in the genome of a previously normal cell

28
Q

In reference to the three stages of carcinogenesis, what does promotion refer to?

A

Involves the unregulated and accelerated growth of the mutated cells

29
Q

In reference to the second stage of carcinogenesis, what does dysplasia refer to?

A

The abnormality of cell development during the promotion stage

30
Q

Dysplasia is often indicative of what early process?

A

Neoplastic process (mutated cells)

31
Q

In reference to the three stages of carcinogenesis, what does progression refer to?

A

When tumor cells acquire malignant changes and autonomous growth tendencies that promote invasiveness and metastatic capabilities

32
Q

In reference to the progression stage of carcinogenesis, what does in situ refer to?

A

Remains “in place” as in it does not invade past the basement membrane into tissues below the surface

33
Q

In reference to the progression stage of carcinogenesis, what happens at the final step of the sequence with invasive carcinoma?

A

It invades beyond the basement membrane and has potential to spread to other parts of the body

34
Q

Why is the sequential order of a DNA strand important?

A

It determines the message the overall gene contains

35
Q
A