Alterations in Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

What are the various causes of endothelial injury?

Answer 1

• Hypertension
• Smoking
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hyperhomocysteinemia
• Hemodynamic factors
• Toxins
• Viruses
• Immune reactions

Question 2

What does myocardial ischemia refer to?

Answer 2

An imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

Question 3

What are the common causes of ischemia?

Answer 3

• Blockage of coronary artery
• Spasm of coronary artery
• Coronary artery obstruction

Question 4

What is an alternative term for Prinzmetal Angina?

Answer 4

Coronary artery spasm

Question 5

What factors associated with the cardiovascular system effect how the oxygen supply is regulated within the body?

Answer 5

• Size of the lumen of the coronary vessel
• Ability of the ventricular wall to compress
• Amount of time the ventricle spends in the diastole state

Question 6

What is the primary purpose of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

Answer 6

Prevents Angiotensin I from being converted into Angiotensin II and thereby, stops the increase of blood pressure and sodium levels

Question 7

What would Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors be given to a patient with heart failure?

Answer 7

Prevents Angiotensin I from being converted into Angiotensin II, which would cause vasoconstriction of the arteries and veins

Question 8

What does pericarditis refer to?

Answer 8

Inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the heart

Question 9

What is the name of the membrane that surround the heart

Answer 9

Pericardium/Pericardial Sac

Question 10

Why does the pericardium have 50ml of fluid in between its two layers?

Answer 10

Helps to avoid friction by providing lubrication for when the heart beats and moves

Question 11

What are the main causes of pericarditis?

Answer 11

• Idiopathic
• Infections
• Autoimmune conditions
• Injury
• Uremia
• Cancer
• Medications

Question 12

What infections could potentially lead to pericarditis?

Answer 12

• Tuberculosis
• Human immunodeficiency viruses
• Coxsackievirus
• Epstein-Barr virus

Question 13

What autoimmune diseases could potentially lead to pericarditis?

Answer 13

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 14

What injuries could potentially lead to pericarditis?

Answer 14

• Myocardial infarction
• Open heart surgery
• Trauma
• Renal impairment

Question 15

What medications could potentially lead to pericarditis?

Answer 15

Methotrexate

Question 16

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 16

When the expansion of the heart becomes difficult during the diastole phase due to the inward pressure within the heart

Question 17

Why does pericardial tamponade require emergency draining?

Answer 17

The pericardium effusion is large enough that it reduces the heart’s ability to fill during the diastole phase and thereby, decreases cardiac output during systolic contraction

Question 18

What are the two key main signs that a patient is experiencing pericarditis?

Answer 18

• Anterior center chest pain
• Low grade fever

Question 19

In reference to pericarditis , what could worsen the chest pain?

Answer 19

• Inspiration (breathing in)
• Lying down

Question 20

What is a pacemaker?

Answer 20

A device that is used to restore normal functioning of the heart by controlling electrical impulses

Question 21

What are the main reasons a patient might require a pace maker?

Answer 21

• Symptomatic bradycardia
• Mobitz type II atrial ventricular block
• Third-degree heart block
• Heart failure
• Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy