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HPCH 201 FINAL > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are Carcinomas?

A

Cancer of skin surfaces of organs (epithelial tissues, skin, nerves, breasts)

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2
Q

What are Sarcomas?

A

Cancers of connective tissues (bone, muscles, fat, and blood vessels)

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3
Q

Leukemia+ Lymphoma

A

Blood cancers

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4
Q

Metastasis

A

A process where the cells detach from the original tumor, enter lymphatic system and bloodstream, and are carried to other organs

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5
Q

50% percent of all human cancers originate in one of four organs, which are:

A
  • Lungs
  • Breast
  • Prostate
  • Colon
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6
Q

Stage I of cancer

A

Cancer cells can be distinguished from normal cells.

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7
Q

Stage II of cancer

A

Cancer cells begin to metastasize and may migrate to nearby lymph nodes.

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8
Q

Stage III of cancer

A

Cancer cells have spread throughout the body and tumors may have started to grow in other organs.

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9
Q

Stage IV of cancer

A

Often a terminal stage; tumors are found throughout the body and usually are resistant to treatment.

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10
Q

Stage IV of cancer

A

Often a terminal stage; tumors are found throughout the body and usually are resistant to treatment.

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11
Q

What does Cancer susceptibility genes do?

A

Makes a person more vulnerable to environmental factors that contribute to the risk of developing cancer

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12
Q

Is cancer a genetic or an inherited disease?

A

Cancer is a genetic disease but not an inherited disease. Genes can be altered by environmental agents, which transform cells into cancer cells.

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13
Q

What are the environmental agents that change genes in cells so that they become cancer cells?

A
  1. Ionizing Radiation
  2. Infectious Microorganisms
  3. Cancer-Causing Chemicals (Carcinogens)
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14
Q

What’s Ionizing Radiation?

A

X-rays, UV light, radioactivity whose energy can damage cells and chromosomes
• UV Light—UVA and UVB wavelengths are both dangerous

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15
Q

What are the Infectious Microorganisms viruses?

A
  • Hepatitis B and C (Liver Cancer)
  • Papillomavirus (Genital and Cervical Cancer)
  • Human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (Leukemia and Lymphoma)
  • Epsten-Barr virus (Cancer of the nose or pharynx)
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16
Q

What are some Chemical Carcinogens?

A
  • Tabacco
  • Pesticides
  • Asbestos
  • Heavy metals
  • Benzene
  • Nitrosamines
17
Q

What is Mesothelioma?

A

A rare form of lung cancer that only occurs among persons exposed to asbestos fibers.

18
Q

What are Xenoestrogens?

A

Chemicals found in the environment that mimic estrogen and aid in the development of cancer, specifically breast cancer.

19
Q

What are some substances that contain xenoestrogens?

A
  • DDT
  • Pesticides
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
  • Biphenol-A (BPA)
  • Gasoline vapor
20
Q

Facts About Lung Cancer

A

-Lung cancer causes more deaths among men and women than any other form
of cancer does.
-Lung cancer could be completely prevented if people would stop (or never start) smoking.

21
Q

Factors that can lead to Breast cancer

A
  • Increased weight
  • Less exercise
  • Increased dietary fat
  • Having a mother who had breast cancer before age 60.
  • Experiencing menarche before age 14.
  • Having your first child after age 30 or having no biological children.
  • Experiencing menopause after age 55.
  • Having benign breast disease.
  • Having estrogen replacement therapy after age 55.
  • Consuming more than 3 ounces of alcohol a day.
  • Having inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene.
22
Q

Ways to prevent and detect breast cancer:

A

Monthly breast self-exams beginning at age 20.
Mammograms every 1 to 2 years for women in their 40s.
The drug tamoxifen can be used for breast cancer treatment as well as protection

23
Q

Facts about Prostate Cancer

A

-This cancer develops very slowly.
-Prostate cancer occurs primarily in men over age 65.
-Early diagnosis relies on two tests:
•Finger rectal exam
•Prostate-specific antigen test (PSA),

24
Q

Facts about Skin Cancer

A
  • Melanoma is a malignant form of skin cancer
  • It is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer among Americans
  • Exposure to sunlight is the primary cause of all forms of skin cancer
25
Q

“ABCD” rules when examining your skin

A
  • Asymmetry
  • Border
  • Color
  • Diameter
26
Q

Causes of Cervical Cancer

A
  • Sex at an early age, unprotected
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • HPV subtypes: High-risk and low risk
  • Long-term use of birth control pills (more than 5 years)
  • Weakened immune system
  • Infections with genital herpes or chronic chlamydia infections
  • Poor economic status (may not be able to afford regular Pap smears
27
Q

What are Pap Smears

A

Cells are scraped from the cervix and examined under a microscope to check for disease or other problems.

28
Q

Cervical cancer prevention:

A

Vaccine GARDASIL 9
Age: 11- 26
Doses: 0-2-6 months

29
Q

Fact about Colon Cancer

A
  • Colon cancer affects men and women equally.
  • It causes about 60,000 deaths annually in the United States.
  • No screening test for colon cancer is completely accurate.
  • Certain inherited genes are known to increase risk of colon cancer.
30
Q

Diet and Cancer Risk

A
  • Many studies show that diet is associated with cancer.
  • Certain dietary choices may help prevent cancer, such as increased consumption of B vitamins, vitamin C and folic acid.
  • Scientists speculate that the human body may not be capable of digesting modern-day processed foods, leading to an accumulation of toxic chemicals that may cause cancer.
31
Q

Surgery

A

Remove

Reduce

32
Q

Radiation

A

Destroy

Support

33
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Kill

Supress

34
Q

What is Angiogenesis

A

When a tumor develops a network of new blood vessels to support it with nutrients

35
Q

Coping with a Diagnosis of Cancer can be difficult because of:

A
  • Denial on the part of the patient or family
  • The need for surgery or other treatment
  • The need to face death of the patient

HPCH 201 FINAL (4 decks)

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