Cancer Flashcards
Define neoplasm
the tissue in which cells are multiplying abnormally
Define benign
A tumor that is encapsulated, localized and limited in size. rarely dangerous
Define malignant
A tumor that can invade adjacent tissue
Define metastasis
the process by which malignant tumors spread from the primary site to secondary sites
List the 3 cancers of the immune system
Lukemias
Lymphomas
Myelomas
A lukemia is a cancer of
circulating cels
A lymphoma is a cancer of
lymphatic tissue
Myelomas are cancer of
plasma cells
List the solid tumors (2)
- carcinoma
- sarcoma
What is a carcinoma
a cancer of epithelial cell origin (squamous cell carcinoma)
What is a sarcoma
A tumor of connective tissue or non-epithelial cell orgin
A tumor of epithelial cell organ
carcinoma
A tumor of connective tissue orgin
sarcoma
A tumor of connective tissue origin
sarcoma
What is angiogenesis
When cancer cells develop a blood supply
Which hallmark of cancer describes normal cells require growth cells to proliferate but cancer cells escape this requirement
A. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
B. Apoptosis Evasion
C. Sustained Angiogenesis
D. Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
D
Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells are insensitive to inhibitory signals to prevent overproliferation
A. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
B. Apoptosis Evasion
C. Sustained Angiogenesis
D. Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
A
Which hallmark of cancer describes how programmed cell death of damaged or defective cells is inhibited in cancer cells
A. Limitless replicative potential
B. Sustained Angiogenesis
C. Apoptosis Evasion
D. Insensitivity to growth signals
Apoptosis Evasion
Which hallmark of cancer describes how programmed cell death of damaged or defective cells is inhibited in cancer cells
A. Limitless replicative potential
B. Sustained Angiogenesis
C. Apoptosis Evasion
D. Insensitivity to growth signals
Apoptosis Evasion
Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells contain active telomerase to maintain telomeres
A. Limitless replicative potential
B. Sustained Angiogenesis
C. Apoptosis Evasion
D. Insensitivity to growth signals
Limitless replicative potential
Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells can trigger angiogenesis stimulators and inhibiting genes coding to angiogenesis inhibitors for blood supply
Sustained Angiogenesis
Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells lose adhesiveness with neighbors to invade nearby tissues and metastasize via circulation system
tissue invasion and metastasis
Which hallmark of cancer describes how tumor cells reprogram cellular metabolism to support neoplastic proliferation
A. Limitless replicative potential
B. Sustained Angiogenesis
C. Deregulating celular Energetics
D. Evading Apoptosis
Deregulating cellular energitics
Increased mutability provides cancer cells with changes that drive tumor progression describes
Genome instability and mutation, too many chromosomes or too little chromosomes
Describe the cancer hallmark: avoiding immune destruction
evasion of the immune system and destruction of cancer cells
Which hallmark of cancer describes that inflammatory responses can be tumor promoting
A. Avoiding Immune Destruction
B. Sustained Angiogenesis
C. Tumor Promoting Inflammation
D. Evading Apoptosis
Tumor Promoting Inflammation
What is malignant transformation
the process by loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, mutated proto-oncogenes
What is malignant transformation
the process by loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, mutated proto-oncogenes allowing a cell to cause cancer
How do environmental agents and lifestyle cause cancer
they can trigger DNA mutations
How do scientist determine wether the cause of cancer is hereditary or environmental?
they study rates of cancer in people who moved from one country to another
What is a carcinogen
a cancer causing agent
how do new traits in tumor cells arise? (2)
- DNA mutations after the initial mutation
- Epigenetic mechanisms
How are new tumor traits acquired through epigenetic mechanisms
the inhibition of gene function without mutating the DNA sequence
How are new tumor traits acquired through epigenetic mechanisms
the inhibition of gene function without mutating the DNA sequence
Allogenic MHC class I molecules are recognized by alloreactive _______ T cells
CD8
When tumor cells from one MHC mouse is injected into another mouse with the same MHC what happens?
the tumor grows and the mouse dies
When tumor cells from one MHC mouse is injected into another mouse with a different MHC what happens?
the tumor is rejected and the mouse lives
What are tumor antigens
antigen to which the immune system responds to
What is a tumor specific antigen?
antigens present ONLY on tumor cells
Give 4 examples of tumor specific antigens
- viral proteins
- peptide splicing
- mutated portion of cellular protein
- abnormal protein modification patterns
What are tumor associated antigens?
antigens expressed on normal AND tumor cells
Reactivation of embryonic genes not normally expressed in the differentiated cell is an example of
A. Tumor specific antigen
B. Tumor antigen
C. Tumor associated antigens
C
Over-expression of self protein by a tumor cell increases self-peptide presentation and recognition by T cells is an example of
A. Tumor specific antigen
B. Tumor antigen
C. Tumor associated antigens
C
tumor _____ Antigen are expressed on normal and tumor cells but usually smaller amount on normal cells
Associated
Presentation of mutant peptide from mutated cellular protein is an example of
A. Tumor specific antigen
B. Tumor antigen
C. Tumor associated antigens
A
BCR-ABL fusion protein causes
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Tumor_____ antigen is usually harder for the immune system to mount a response agains
associated
List the 3 methods that tumors can evade the immune system
- Cleaving and down regulating MIC expression
- Blocking HLA class I expression
- Secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines
How does Human papilloma virus cause cancer
it integrates its DNA into human genome that can inactivate tumor suppressor genes p53 and pRB
What is the major component of the HPV vaccine?
recombinant L1 protein to resemble the L1 viral capsid
Since the immune systems response to melanoma is too weak we can enhance the response by
increasing the costimulatory signal by adding ANTI CTLA-4 antibody
What does anti CTLA-4 antibody do
binds CLTA4 to prevent it from binding to B7 thus allowing the costimulatory signal to be sent and have T cell activation
* slide 41
What is the effect of administering anti CTLA4
it prevents CTLA from binding to B7
What does CTLA4 do
competes with CD28 for B7 to prevent the co-stimulatory signal
What do chimeric antigen receptors do?
theyre used to increase the CD4 and CD8 T cell response
What is anti-CD19 used in
the treatment of b cel tumor
