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Immuno Exam 3 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

the tissue in which cells are multiplying abnormally

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2
Q

Define benign

A

A tumor that is encapsulated, localized and limited in size. rarely dangerous

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3
Q

Define malignant

A

A tumor that can invade adjacent tissue

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4
Q

Define metastasis

A

the process by which malignant tumors spread from the primary site to secondary sites

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5
Q

List the 3 cancers of the immune system

A

Lukemias
Lymphomas
Myelomas

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6
Q

A lukemia is a cancer of

A

circulating cels

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7
Q

A lymphoma is a cancer of

A

lymphatic tissue

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8
Q

Myelomas are cancer of

A

plasma cells

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9
Q

List the solid tumors (2)

A
  • carcinoma

- sarcoma

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10
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

a cancer of epithelial cell origin (squamous cell carcinoma)

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11
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

A tumor of connective tissue or non-epithelial cell orgin

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12
Q

A tumor of epithelial cell organ

A

carcinoma

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13
Q

A tumor of connective tissue orgin

A

sarcoma

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14
Q

A tumor of connective tissue origin

A

sarcoma

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15
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

When cancer cells develop a blood supply

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16
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes normal cells require growth cells to proliferate but cancer cells escape this requirement

A. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals

B. Apoptosis Evasion

C. Sustained Angiogenesis

D. Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals

A

D

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17
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells are insensitive to inhibitory signals to prevent overproliferation

A. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals

B. Apoptosis Evasion

C. Sustained Angiogenesis

D. Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals

A

A

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18
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how programmed cell death of damaged or defective cells is inhibited in cancer cells

A. Limitless replicative potential

B. Sustained Angiogenesis

C. Apoptosis Evasion

D. Insensitivity to growth signals

A

Apoptosis Evasion

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19
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how programmed cell death of damaged or defective cells is inhibited in cancer cells

A. Limitless replicative potential

B. Sustained Angiogenesis

C. Apoptosis Evasion

D. Insensitivity to growth signals

A

Apoptosis Evasion

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20
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells contain active telomerase to maintain telomeres

A. Limitless replicative potential

B. Sustained Angiogenesis

C. Apoptosis Evasion

D. Insensitivity to growth signals

A

Limitless replicative potential

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21
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells can trigger angiogenesis stimulators and inhibiting genes coding to angiogenesis inhibitors for blood supply

A

Sustained Angiogenesis

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22
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how cancer cells lose adhesiveness with neighbors to invade nearby tissues and metastasize via circulation system

A

tissue invasion and metastasis

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23
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes how tumor cells reprogram cellular metabolism to support neoplastic proliferation

A. Limitless replicative potential

B. Sustained Angiogenesis

C. Deregulating celular Energetics

D. Evading Apoptosis

A

Deregulating cellular energitics

24
Q

Increased mutability provides cancer cells with changes that drive tumor progression describes

A

Genome instability and mutation, too many chromosomes or too little chromosomes

25
Q

Describe the cancer hallmark: avoiding immune destruction

A

evasion of the immune system and destruction of cancer cells

26
Q

Which hallmark of cancer describes that inflammatory responses can be tumor promoting

A. Avoiding Immune Destruction

B. Sustained Angiogenesis

C. Tumor Promoting Inflammation

D. Evading Apoptosis

A

Tumor Promoting Inflammation

27
Q

What is malignant transformation

A

the process by loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, mutated proto-oncogenes

28
Q

What is malignant transformation

A

the process by loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, mutated proto-oncogenes allowing a cell to cause cancer

29
Q

How do environmental agents and lifestyle cause cancer

A

they can trigger DNA mutations

30
Q

How do scientist determine wether the cause of cancer is hereditary or environmental?

A

they study rates of cancer in people who moved from one country to another

31
Q

What is a carcinogen

A

a cancer causing agent

32
Q

how do new traits in tumor cells arise? (2)

A
  • DNA mutations after the initial mutation

- Epigenetic mechanisms

33
Q

How are new tumor traits acquired through epigenetic mechanisms

A

the inhibition of gene function without mutating the DNA sequence

34
Q

How are new tumor traits acquired through epigenetic mechanisms

A

the inhibition of gene function without mutating the DNA sequence

35
Q

Allogenic MHC class I molecules are recognized by alloreactive _______ T cells

A

CD8

36
Q

When tumor cells from one MHC mouse is injected into another mouse with the same MHC what happens?

A

the tumor grows and the mouse dies

37
Q

When tumor cells from one MHC mouse is injected into another mouse with a different MHC what happens?

A

the tumor is rejected and the mouse lives

38
Q

What are tumor antigens

A

antigen to which the immune system responds to

39
Q

What is a tumor specific antigen?

A

antigens present ONLY on tumor cells

40
Q

Give 4 examples of tumor specific antigens

A
  • viral proteins
  • peptide splicing
  • mutated portion of cellular protein
  • abnormal protein modification patterns
41
Q

What are tumor associated antigens?

A

antigens expressed on normal AND tumor cells

42
Q

Reactivation of embryonic genes not normally expressed in the differentiated cell is an example of

A. Tumor specific antigen

B. Tumor antigen

C. Tumor associated antigens

A

C

43
Q

Over-expression of self protein by a tumor cell increases self-peptide presentation and recognition by T cells is an example of

A. Tumor specific antigen

B. Tumor antigen

C. Tumor associated antigens

A

C

44
Q

tumor _____ Antigen are expressed on normal and tumor cells but usually smaller amount on normal cells

A

Associated

45
Q

Presentation of mutant peptide from mutated cellular protein is an example of

A. Tumor specific antigen

B. Tumor antigen

C. Tumor associated antigens

A

A

46
Q

BCR-ABL fusion protein causes

A

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

47
Q

Tumor_____ antigen is usually harder for the immune system to mount a response agains

A

associated

48
Q

List the 3 methods that tumors can evade the immune system

A
  1. Cleaving and down regulating MIC expression
  2. Blocking HLA class I expression
  3. Secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines
49
Q

How does Human papilloma virus cause cancer

A

it integrates its DNA into human genome that can inactivate tumor suppressor genes p53 and pRB

50
Q

What is the major component of the HPV vaccine?

A

recombinant L1 protein to resemble the L1 viral capsid

51
Q

Since the immune systems response to melanoma is too weak we can enhance the response by

A

increasing the costimulatory signal by adding ANTI CTLA-4 antibody

52
Q

What does anti CTLA-4 antibody do

A

binds CLTA4 to prevent it from binding to B7 thus allowing the costimulatory signal to be sent and have T cell activation
* slide 41

53
Q

What is the effect of administering anti CTLA4

A

it prevents CTLA from binding to B7

54
Q

What does CTLA4 do

A

competes with CD28 for B7 to prevent the co-stimulatory signal

55
Q

What do chimeric antigen receptors do?

A

theyre used to increase the CD4 and CD8 T cell response

56
Q

What is anti-CD19 used in

A

the treatment of b cel tumor

Immuno Exam 3 (5 decks)

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