Cancer Flashcards
congenital syndromes that has cancers which has family history and needs family screening
Congenital syndromes tuberous sclerosis (renal cancer)
Down’s syndrome (leukaemia)
neurofibromatosis (sarcoma, brain tumour, leukaemia, breast and colorectal cancer)
Breast cancer genes that needs family screening
BRCA1/ 2
TP53
PALB2
PTEN genes
Colon cancer which comes from family and needs family screening
Lynch syndrome (MLH1, MSH2/ 6, and PMS2 genes)
familial adenomatous polyposis (APC gene)
Peutz– Jeghers syndrome (STK11 gene)
juvenile polyposis (BMPR1A/ SMAD4 genes
CEA tumor marker causes
Malignant
GI tract cancers (particularly colorectal cancer)
Benign
Cirrhosis
Pancreatitis
Smoking
CA 19-9 tumor marker
Colorectal cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Benign
Cholestasis
CA 125 tumor marker check for ?
ovarian cancer
Breast cancer
hepatocellular cancer
Cirrhosis
Pregnancy
Peritonitis
endometriosis
AFP tumor marker causes
Phepatocellular cancer
Germ cell cancers (not pure seminoma)
Liver disease—hepatitis/cirrhosis
Pregnancy
open neural tube defects
B h cg tumor marker
Germ cell cancers
Choriocarcinoma
hydatidiform mole
Pregnancy
PSA causes
Prostate cancer
BPh
Prostatitis/UtIProstate
instrumentationacute
urinary retention
Physical exercise
old age
LDH tumor marker increase in
Germ cell tumours
Lymphoma
Leukaemia
MelanomaNeuroblastoma
Myocardial infarction or stroke
haemolytic anaemia
Infectious mononucleosis
Liver disease
Muscle disease
Beta-2-microglobulin (β2M)
Myeloma (high levels predict poor prognosis)
CLL
Some lymphomas
Viral infections e.g. hIV, CMVMS
Name 3 cases which needs sx/ invasive procedure to identify the staging of the surgery
Breast cancer— ‘sentinel’ axillary node biopsy is needed to accurately predict the state of nodal disease
ovarian cancer— tumour deposits on the peritoneal surface are poorly visualized with conventional imaging. Direct visualization is required using laparotomy or laparoscopy
Certain abdominal malignancies— laparoscopic assessment of extent and spread of tumour may be performed prior to major resection
In bone metastasis Which type of pts need prophylactic fixation of long bones to reduce pain or pathological #
Lesions in weight-bearing bones
Destruction of >50% of the cortex
Pain on weight bearing
Lytic lesions
In all cases fixation should be followed by radiotherapy to control growth and promote healing
Conditions which are likely to respond to chemo
Leukaemia
lymphoma (hodgkin’s and intermediate/ high- grade non- hodgkin’s)
testicular tumours
small cell lung cancer
embryonal tumours
choriocarcinoma
ovarian cancer
sarcoma
breast cancer
prostate cancer
Diseases unlikely to response to chemo
Non- small cell lung
renal
pancreatic
head and neck
cervical
liver cancer
