Cancer Flashcards
Two major dysfunctions in cancer development
Defective cell proliferation
Defective cell differentiation
normal cells growing in the wrong place @ wrong time
benign
Abnormal cells that serve no useful function & are harmful
malignant
Benign cells are
slow growing; non infiltrating
cells differ slightly from normal cells
grade I
Cells are more abnormal & moderately differentiated
grade II
Cells are very abnormal & poorly differentiated
grade III
Cells are immature & primitive & undifferentiated; cells of origin is difficult to determine
grade IV
Cancer that is precancerous
0 stage
Tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized tumor growth
I stage
Limited local spread
II stage
Extensive local & regional spread
III stage
Metastasis
IV stage
TNM classification
Tumor size & invasiveness (T)
Spreads to lymph nodes (N)
Metastasis (M)
blood cancers (leukemia)
hematologic cancer
organ cancers (lung cancer)
Solid cancer
mx
unable to evaluate
m0
no evidence of metastasis
Primary Prevention
avoid carcinogenesis
Maintain healthy wt
diet
exercise
Cancer management
surgical–resection
Focused on destroying cancer cells & preventing future growth
radiation administered internally using radiation source/ implant- *pt is radioactive
brachytherapy
radiation beam given externally -*pt is not radioactive
tele therapy
-*External radiation-skin is marked on where to put beam to give radiation-encourage
well balanced diet
radiation can alter taste, fatigue, skin tissue integrity
main disadvantage of chemo
can destroy normal cells as well
NEVER give chemo thru
IV: can cause infiltration
Anyone preparing chemo
handle meds carefully, dispose meds carefully, wear PPE, can only be done by oncologist certified nurse
Chemo side effects
Bone marrow suppression
- Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV)
- Mucositis
- Alopecia
- Changes in cognitive function (“chemo brain”)
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Anxiety
Must be on neutropenic precautions
NO plants flower fresh fruits & veggies Avoid standing water private rooms wear masks
Sepsis: immunosuppression checK:
blood culture
free from infection
need aseptic tech.
Risk factors/changes to be aware of
Changes in bowel/bladder habits Sore throats Unusual bleeding Thickening/lump Indigestion/difficulty swallowing Change in wart/mole new cough
treatment of CINV
antiemetics calorie count check urine output mouth care cold foods
