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Canc > Cancer 1: Cellular pathology of cancer > Flashcards

Cancer 1: Cellular pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define metaplasia

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type (usually epithelial)is replaced by another adult cell type

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2
Q

When does metaplasia occur

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

Give examples of metaplasia

A

..

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4
Q

Define dysplasia

A

an abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane

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5
Q

Is dyplasia invasive?

A

pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane

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6
Q

Outline the cellular features of dysplasia

A

loss of architectural orientation

loss in uniformity of individual cells

nuclei: hyperchromatic (dark), enlarged (increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio)

mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where not usually found

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7
Q

What are mitotic figures?

A

….

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8
Q

Examples of dysplasia:

Cervix, 
bronchus, 
colon, 
larynx, 
stomach and 
eosophagus
A 
CERVIX - HPV infection
BRONCHUS - Smoking
COLON - Ulcerative Colitis
LARYNX - Smoking
STOMACH -Pernicious anaemia (inflammatory process)
OESOPHAGUS- Acid reflux
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9
Q

Outline physiological metaplasia

A

example of physiologic metaplasia is the squamous metaplasia that occurs in the uterine cervix during the menstrual cycle as the squamocolumnar junction migrates across the transformation zone

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10
Q

Outline the cell type change in barrets oesophagus

A

squamous cell –> columnar in response to pH change

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11
Q

How can smoking cuase squamous cell carncinoma in the lung

A

metaplasia (columnar–> squamous) due to smoking –> dysplastic

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12
Q

What are the two types of dysplastic

A

Low grade (low risk of progression, likely to be easily removed)

High grade

Look at which is darker/higher nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio

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13
Q

Define NEOPLASIA, TUMOUR, MALIGNANCY

A

An abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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14
Q

Differeniate benign and malignant tumours

A

do not invade do not metastasise

encapsulated

usually well differentiated

slowly growing

normal mitoses

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15
Q

T/f benign tumours inade locally but not metastatically

A

F…. do not invade local tissue

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16
Q

What does well differentiated tissue mean

A

Looks like the tissue it comes from, (i.e. looks like a colon cell) and not looking dysplastic

SO A TUMOUR can be BENIGN (well differentiated… I,e, just a neoplasm with too much growth, but not abnormal growth) or MELIGNANT (too much growth and abnormal growth)

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17
Q

When could a benign tumour be fatal

A

In a dangerous place: meninges, pituitary

Secretes something dangerous: insulinoma (tumour of beta cell of oancreas)

Gets infected: bladder

Bleeds: stomach

Ruptures: liver adenoma

Torts (twisted): ovarian cyst

LIST RobBeth

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18
Q

Outline a malignant tumour

A
  1. invade surrounding tissues
  2. spread to distant sites
  3. no capsule
  4. well to poorly differentiated
  5. rapidly growing
  6. abnormal mitoses
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19
Q

Define metastasis

A

A metastasis is a discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer

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20
Q

How does a tumour metastasise

A

These depend on the lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site

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21
Q

Which type of tissue drainage has the worst prognosis

A

Lymph node involvement has a worse prognosis

22
Q

Where do the testicular lymph nodes drain

A

To the aortic lymph nodes

23
Q

What is dukes A and dukes C

A

dukes A= only in gut wall

dukes C= spread to lymph nodes

24
Q

State the two types of benign epithelial tumours

A

Of surface epithelium
= PAPILLOMA

Of glandular epithelium = ADENOMA

25
Q

Give examples of papilloma

A

skin, bladder

26
Q

Give examples of adenoma

A

stomach, thyroid, colon, kidney, pituitary, pancreas

27
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from epithelium

28
Q

What are the types of carcinomas

A

squamous cell

adenocarcinoma,

transitional cell (i.e. from bladder)

basal cell carcinoma (skin)

29
Q

State the types of soft tissue tumours

A

osteoma, lipoma, leiomyoma, chondroma

30
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells

31
Q

Outline types of sarcoma

A 
Fat = LipoSARCOMA
Bone = OsteoSARCOMA
Cartilage = ChondroSARCOMA
32
Q

What is a rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Muscle

striated sarcoma

33
Q

What is a LeiomyoSARCOMA

A

smooth muscle

34
Q

What is a sarcoma over the nerve sheath called

A

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour

35
Q

Define leukaemia

A

a malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells which circulate in the blood

36
Q

What is lymphoma

A

Lymphoma is a malignant tumour of lymphocytes (usually) in lymph nodes

37
Q

What is a teratoma

A

A teratoma is a tumour derived from germ cells, which have the potential to develop into tumours of all three germ cell layers

38
Q

Which type of cell can teratoma differentiate into

A

ectoderm,
mesoderm,
endoderm

39
Q

Where are teratoma often found

A

Ovaries and testes

40
Q

What are teratomas usually lieke in males and females

A

Gonadal teratomas in males, all malignant

Gonadal teratomas in females, most are benign

41
Q

What is a hamartoma

A

localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ.

cells are mature but architecturally abnormal

42
Q

When should hamartoma stop growing

A

when the child does

43
Q

Give example of hamartoma

A

e.g. bile duct hamartomas, bronchial hamartomas,

44
Q

Give examples of tumours ending in -oma which are malignant

A

Lymphoma and melanoma

45
Q

How us the differentiation of atumour assessed

A

Evidence of normal function still present production of:
keratin (for squamous cell carcinoma)),
mucin (for adenocarcinoma)
bile
hormones

46
Q

Are there alternative grading sstems or the same for everything

A

Various grading systems - for Ca breast, prostate, colon

47
Q

What is a tumour which has no differentation called?

A

no differentiation, ANAPLASTIC carcinoma

very bad

48
Q

What is TNM

A

The Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM) system can be applied, and individualised, to tumour in all sites

49
Q

What is assessed in looking at tumors

A

The grade of a tumour describes its degree of differentiation
The stage of a tumour describes how far it has spread

50
Q

T/f stage and grade tend to corespond

A

Tumours of higher grade (i.e. more poorly differentiated) tend to be of higher stage (i.e. spread further)

51
Q

Is stage or grade more important for prognosis?

A

stage is more important than grade

Canc (16 decks)

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