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NSG 1600 Post Midterm > Canadian Healthcare Systems > Flashcards

Canadian Healthcare Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is under federal jurisdiction in the Canadian Health Care system?

A
  • Set/administer Canada Health Act principles
  • Assist in funding/financing
  • Deliver health services for specific groups
  • Promote national policy and programming to support/promote health and prevent disease
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2
Q

What is under provincial/territorial health care system?

A
  • Develop/administer health care insurance plan
  • Manage/finance/plan health care services
  • Determine organization and location of health care facilities and services
  • Reimburse physicians and hospital expenses
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3
Q

What are 6 Principles of the Canada Health Act?

A

1) Public Administration

2) Comprehensiveness

3) Universality

4) Portability

5) Accessibility

6) Sustainability

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4
Q

What is Public Administration in the Canada Health Act?

A

Provincial/Territorial plans operate on a nonprofit basis through a public
authority

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5
Q

What is comprehensiveness in the Canada Health Act?

A

Covers medically necessary services (hospital and physician services).
Determine which services are considered medically necessary (differs across
Canada).

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6
Q

What is universality in the Canada Health Act?

A

Services provided free of discrimination

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7
Q

What is portability in the Canada Health Act?

A

Insured residents can receive services in another province/territory without cost or penalty. Provide continuous coverage if resident relocates within Canada for up to 3 months.

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8
Q

What is accessibility in the Canada Health Act?

A

Provide access to health care facilities and providers based on medical need
regardless of ability to pay

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9
Q

What is sustainability in the Canada Health Act?

A

Proposed as a 6th principle. Not yet adopted

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10
Q

What is some ongoing changes in the Canadian Healthcare System?

A
  • Efforts to improve healthcare
  • Efforts to ensure/improve sustainability
  • Decentralization vs. Recentralization
  • New Technologies
  • Budgeting Changes
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11
Q

What is the Canada Health Act (1984)?

A
  • Banned extra billing or user fees
  • Replaced previous Acts
  • All provinces adopted/following by 1987
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12
Q

What is the medical approach to health?

A
  • Dominant throughout 20th century
  • Focused on maintenance of physiological,
    functional, and social norms
  • Focused on treatment for disease and sees
    medical intervention as the way to restore health
  • Little emphasis given to health promotion or
    disease prevention
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13
Q

What challenged the Medical Approach?

A

The Lalonde Report in 1974

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14
Q

What is the Lalonde Report?

A
  • Promoted individual responsibility for health
  • Shifted focus away from seeing health problems solely as physiological risk factors that conveyed disease (as in medical model)
  • Introduced idea of causal influences (or “determinants
    of health”) that also played a role in health
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15
Q

What is the Behavioural Approach to Healthcare?

A
  • De-emphasized medical intervention for the
    restoration of health
  • Proposed new ideas of health promotion and
    disease prevention
  • Placed responsibility for health on the
    individual
  • Assumed that people would change their
    behavior if they knew and understood the risk
    factors
  • Saw education as a key to improving people’s
    behavior or lifestyle and thereby their health
  • Led to several initiatives, such as the creation
    of the Canada Food Guide
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16
Q

What is the Epp Report?

A
  • Presented by Canadian Minister for Health and
    Welfare (Jake Epp) at the First International
    Conference on Health Promotion (hosted by
    Canada in Ottawa in 1986)
  • Outlined several health promotion initiatives
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17
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter (1986)?

A
  • WCame out of the same conference. Signed by
    delegates from many countries.
  • Expanded the list of determinants of health and
    included social and political factors. This list
    renamed the “Social Determinants of Health”
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18
Q

What did the behavioural approach lead to?

A

Promoting health rather than waiting for health to deteriorate

Education is the main key to improving peoples health and lifestyle

This led to Victim Blaming issues

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19
Q

What is a main component of the Lalonde Report?

A

Promoting health, preventing disease rather than just treating disease

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20
Q

What is a problem with the Socio environmental approach?

A

Acknowledging that there are outside factors BUT does not acknowledge that the patient is a participant in their health issues as well. Solely blames the environment

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21
Q

What is the socioenvironmental approach?

A

Based on ideas coming out of Ottawa Charter and Epp Report

Acknowledges many social
factors that influence the health and health choices of individuals

Goal to promote health equity for all people

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22
Q

What is Primary Health Care?

A

An approach to health and a spectrum of services beyond the traditional
health care system

Foundational to the Canadian healthcare system

23
Q

What does Primary Healthcare Include?

A

Includes all services that play a part in health, such as income, housing, education, and environment.

24
Q

What does Primary Healthcare Emphasize?

A

Emphasizes the social determinants of health (including non-medical determinants) and strategies
to advance individual and population health.

25
Q

What is primary care in primary health care?

A

Primary care is the element within primary health care that focusses on health care
services, including health promotion, illness and injury prevention, and the diagnosis and
treatment of illness and injury

26
Q

What is the dual function of Primary Health Care?

A

1) Direct provision of first-contact services

2) A coordinating function to ensure continuity and ease of movement across the system (includes referrals to specialized services)

27
Q

What is the movement of Primary Healthcare?

A

Movement to shift this model to more of a health care team approach
(including nurses, physicians, therapists, etc.) to provide more comprehensive
services to their clients

28
Q

What are the 4 Pillars of Primary Healthcare?

A

1) Teams

2) Access

3) Information

4) Healthy Living

29
Q

What is teams in the pillars of primary health care?

A

Teams or networks deliver patient-centered care, which
improves access through collaboration, coordination,
continuity, and quality

30
Q

What is access in the pillars of primary health care?

A

Attempts to address issues with accessing family physicians, especially in urgent or after-hours situations

Brings health care services to the people

31
Q

What is information in the pillars of primary healthcare?

A

Uses technology to improve efficiency and quality of care
provision, and increase access to individual and general health information

32
Q

What is healthy living in the pillars of primary healthcare?

A

Embraces strategies of prevention, chronic illness
management, and self-care

33
Q

What are the 3 main barriers to Primary Healthcare?

A

1) Individual level barriers

2) Practice level barriers

3) System level barriers

34
Q

What are individual level barriers in primary health care?

A

Lack of role clarity

Lack of trust (attributed to lack of knowledge, scope
of practice, or competency of other team members)

35
Q

What are practice level barriers in primary health care?

A

Hierarchical issues in governance and leadership

Team attributes and skills

36
Q

What are system level barriers in primary health care?

A

Lack of interprofessional education and collaboration

Lack of funding

Lack of monitoring and evaluation

Focus on illness care, instead of wellness care, by
Canadian populace

37
Q

What is at the community level for healthcare delivery settings?

A
  • Public Health
  • Physician Offices
  • Community Health Centres/clinics
  • Home Care
  • Hospice and palliative care
  • Assistive living facilities
38
Q

What is the institutional sector for healthcare delivery settings?

A
  • Hospitals
  • LTC
  • Psychiatric Facilities
  • Rehabilitation Centres
39
Q

What are the 5 levels of Healthcare in Canada?

A

Level 1: Health Promotion

Level 2: Disease & Injury
prevention

Level 3: Diagnosis and
Treatment

Level 4: Rehabilitation

Level 5: Supportive Care

40
Q

What is level 1: health promotion

A

Enabling people to increase control over or
improve their health

  • Promotion of self-esteem in children and adolescents
  • Wellness services (breakfast programs, anti-smoking education, anti-bullying campaign)
41
Q

What are 5 components of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)

A

1) Building Healthy Public Policy

2) Creating Supportive Environments

3) Strengthening Community Action

4) Developing Personal Skills

5) Reorienting Health Care Services

42
Q

What is level 2: disease and injury prevention

A

Prevention services/strategies

Reduce risk factors for illness and injury

examples: cervical cancer screening, immunizations

43
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevent disease or injury before it occurs (e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets and immunizations)

44
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Promote early detection of
disease once pathogenesis has occurred or halt/slow
the progress of injury (e.g. mammograms to detect
breast cancer)

45
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Directed toward minimizing
disability from disease or injury and helping people to
live with limitations (e.g. cardiac or stroke
rehabilitation programs)

46
Q

What is level 3: Diagnosis and Treatment

A

Recognizing and managing existing symptoms: Three sublevels

1) Primary Care

2) Secondary Care

3) Tertiary Care

47
Q

What is Primary Care?

A

First contact with health care
system such as family physician or NP

48
Q

What is secondary care?

A

Provision of specialized
medical services in hospital or home settings. Often referred to specialized
practitioner for further diagnosis/care

49
Q

What is tertiary care?

A

Specialized and highly
technical care usually provided in hospitals
with advanced care equipment/practitioners

50
Q

What is level 4: rehabilitation?

A

Promote independence and self-care

Improve health and quality of life for those
facing life-altering conditions

Required after physical/mental illness,
injury, or addiction

Services include:
 Physiotherapy
 Occupational and speech therapy
 Social services
24

51
Q

What is level 5: supportive care?

A

Clients with chronic illness, progressive
illness, or disability

Long-term care and assisted-living facilities,
adult day care centers, home care

Also includes respite care and palliative care

52
Q

What are two main challenges to the healthcare system?

A

1) Cost Accelerators (ie., technologies, demographics, consumer involvement)

2) Equality and Quality

53
Q

What is healthcare reform?

A

Refers to
discussions about,
changes to, and
creation of health
policy that affects
health care delivery

54
Q

What are some ongoing issues to address in healthcare reform?

A

lack of continuity among providers and institutions

Health system access problems

Lack of care in rural and remote areas of Canada

Quality of work life for health care providers

NSG 1600 Post Midterm (6 decks)

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